NUR 529 EXAM 1 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Pathogenesis - ANS explains how the disease process evolves. Sequence of cellular and tissue
events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate
expression of a disease.
Morphology - ANS Refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. Changes
are concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of
a disease.
Histology - ANS Deals with the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
Sections play an important role in the diagnosis of many types of cancers.
Clinical Manifestation - ANS make it evident that the person is sick (fever)
Diagnosis - ANS Designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem. Requires a careful
history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests.
Clinical Course - ANS Describes the evolution of a disease. A disease can have an acute,
subacute, or chronic course. Acute disorder is relatively severe, but self-limiting. Chronic
disease implies a continuous, long-term process. Subacute disease is an intermediate or
between acute and chronic; not as severe as an acute disease and not as prolonged as a chronic
disease.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,Primary Prevention - ANS directed at keeping disease from occurring by removing risk factors
(vaccination)
Secondary Prevention - ANS detects disease early when it is still asymptomatic and
treatment measures can effect a cure or stop the disease from progressing (pap smear)
Reliability - ANS the extent to which an observation, when repeated, gives the same result
Validity - ANS the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to
measure
Sensitivity - ANS determining the likelihood or how well the test or observation identifies
people with a disease
Specificity - ANS determining the likelihood or how well the test or observation identifies
people without a disease
Predictive value - ANS the extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the
presence of a given disease or condition
Incidence - ANS the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified
time
Prevalence - ANS a measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time
Morbidity - ANS describes the effects an illness has on a person's life
Mortality - ANS pertains to the causes of death in a given population
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,Tertiary Prevention - ANS directed at clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration
or reduce the complications of a disease that is already present (antibiotic)
Hyperplasia - ANS refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. It occurs
in tissues with cells that are capable of mitotic division, such as the epidermis, intestinal
epithelium, and glandular tissue.
Physiologic Hyperplasia - ANS hormonal (pregnancy) and compensatory (partial removal of
organ)
Hormonal Physiologic Hyperplasia - ANS breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy
Compensatory Physiologic Hyperplasia - ANS regeneration of liver after partial hepatectomy
nonphysiologic (pathologic) hyperplasia - ANS due to excessive hormonal stimulation or the
effects of growth factors on target tissues. Example: excessive estrogen production can cause
endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal menstrual bleeding; benign prostatic hyperplasia is
related to the action of androgens.
Metaplasia - ANS represents a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or
mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type
Dysplasia - ANS is characterized by deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in
cells that vary in size, shape, and organization, strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer
Necrosis - ANS refers to cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organism
Liquefaction Necrosis - ANS occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes are
not destroyed. Example: softening of the center of an abscess with discharge of its contents
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
, Coagulation Necrosis - ANS acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural
proteins of the cell. Characteristic of hypoxic injury and is seen in infarcted areas. Infarction
occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other
source of blood supply exists
Caseous Necrosis - ANS form of coagulation necrosis in which the dead cells persist
indefinitely. Most commonly found in the center of TB granulomas
Ischemia - ANS Characterized by impaired oxygen delivery and impaired removal of
metabolic end products such as lactic acid. commonly affects blood flow through limited
numbers of blood vessels and produces local tissue injury
(blood flow decreased)
Infarction - ANS occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes
occluded an no other source of blood supply exists. As a rule, the shape is conical and
corresponds to the distribution of the artery and its branches. An artery may be occluded by an
embolus, thrombus, disease of arterial wall, or pressure from outside the vessel. (blood flow
completely cut off)
Intracellular accumulations - ANS represent the buildup of substances that cells cannot
immediately use or eliminate. The substances may accumulate in the cytoplasm or in the
nucleus. The accumulation may be abnormal substance that the cell has produced, and in other
cases, the cell may be storing exogenous materials or products of pathologic processes
occurring elsewhere in the body. Example: accumulation of beta-amyloid fragments, which
progress to a skeletal muscle disorder called myositis
Dystrophic Calcification - ANS represent the macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in
injured tissue. Often visible to the naked eye as deposits that range from gritty, sand-like grains
to firm, hard rock material. Commonly seen in atheromatous lesions of advanced
atherosclerosis, areas of injury in the aorta and large blood vessels, and damaged heart valves
(previously damaged tissue)
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Pathogenesis - ANS explains how the disease process evolves. Sequence of cellular and tissue
events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate
expression of a disease.
Morphology - ANS Refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. Changes
are concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of
a disease.
Histology - ANS Deals with the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
Sections play an important role in the diagnosis of many types of cancers.
Clinical Manifestation - ANS make it evident that the person is sick (fever)
Diagnosis - ANS Designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem. Requires a careful
history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests.
Clinical Course - ANS Describes the evolution of a disease. A disease can have an acute,
subacute, or chronic course. Acute disorder is relatively severe, but self-limiting. Chronic
disease implies a continuous, long-term process. Subacute disease is an intermediate or
between acute and chronic; not as severe as an acute disease and not as prolonged as a chronic
disease.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,Primary Prevention - ANS directed at keeping disease from occurring by removing risk factors
(vaccination)
Secondary Prevention - ANS detects disease early when it is still asymptomatic and
treatment measures can effect a cure or stop the disease from progressing (pap smear)
Reliability - ANS the extent to which an observation, when repeated, gives the same result
Validity - ANS the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to
measure
Sensitivity - ANS determining the likelihood or how well the test or observation identifies
people with a disease
Specificity - ANS determining the likelihood or how well the test or observation identifies
people without a disease
Predictive value - ANS the extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the
presence of a given disease or condition
Incidence - ANS the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified
time
Prevalence - ANS a measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time
Morbidity - ANS describes the effects an illness has on a person's life
Mortality - ANS pertains to the causes of death in a given population
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,Tertiary Prevention - ANS directed at clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration
or reduce the complications of a disease that is already present (antibiotic)
Hyperplasia - ANS refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. It occurs
in tissues with cells that are capable of mitotic division, such as the epidermis, intestinal
epithelium, and glandular tissue.
Physiologic Hyperplasia - ANS hormonal (pregnancy) and compensatory (partial removal of
organ)
Hormonal Physiologic Hyperplasia - ANS breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy
Compensatory Physiologic Hyperplasia - ANS regeneration of liver after partial hepatectomy
nonphysiologic (pathologic) hyperplasia - ANS due to excessive hormonal stimulation or the
effects of growth factors on target tissues. Example: excessive estrogen production can cause
endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal menstrual bleeding; benign prostatic hyperplasia is
related to the action of androgens.
Metaplasia - ANS represents a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or
mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type
Dysplasia - ANS is characterized by deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in
cells that vary in size, shape, and organization, strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer
Necrosis - ANS refers to cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organism
Liquefaction Necrosis - ANS occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes are
not destroyed. Example: softening of the center of an abscess with discharge of its contents
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
, Coagulation Necrosis - ANS acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural
proteins of the cell. Characteristic of hypoxic injury and is seen in infarcted areas. Infarction
occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other
source of blood supply exists
Caseous Necrosis - ANS form of coagulation necrosis in which the dead cells persist
indefinitely. Most commonly found in the center of TB granulomas
Ischemia - ANS Characterized by impaired oxygen delivery and impaired removal of
metabolic end products such as lactic acid. commonly affects blood flow through limited
numbers of blood vessels and produces local tissue injury
(blood flow decreased)
Infarction - ANS occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes
occluded an no other source of blood supply exists. As a rule, the shape is conical and
corresponds to the distribution of the artery and its branches. An artery may be occluded by an
embolus, thrombus, disease of arterial wall, or pressure from outside the vessel. (blood flow
completely cut off)
Intracellular accumulations - ANS represent the buildup of substances that cells cannot
immediately use or eliminate. The substances may accumulate in the cytoplasm or in the
nucleus. The accumulation may be abnormal substance that the cell has produced, and in other
cases, the cell may be storing exogenous materials or products of pathologic processes
occurring elsewhere in the body. Example: accumulation of beta-amyloid fragments, which
progress to a skeletal muscle disorder called myositis
Dystrophic Calcification - ANS represent the macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in
injured tissue. Often visible to the naked eye as deposits that range from gritty, sand-like grains
to firm, hard rock material. Commonly seen in atheromatous lesions of advanced
atherosclerosis, areas of injury in the aorta and large blood vessels, and damaged heart valves
(previously damaged tissue)
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
