* Hondros BIO 117 (Exam 3)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ccz68j
1. Anatomy of the * cardiac output = HR x stroke volume; the amount of blood leaving the heart in
Heart: Terms 1 minute
--- heart pumps about 5 L of blood per minute
* venous return = rate of blood flow back to the heart
* heart rate = how many times the heart beats per minute
--- normal HR = 60-100 bpm
* stroke volume = amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat (volume
ejected by ventricles)
--- average resting stroke volume is 60-80 mL/beat (~ 2 oz)
2. Anatomy of the ** the heart is a hollow muscular organ found in the thoracic (pericardial) cavity;
Heart: Location / contained inside the mediastinum (i.e., space between lungs) and positioned
Functions in-between the two lungs, behind the sternum, and slightly to the left of the body's
midline; "2 pumps in one"
* base = upper flat portion of the heart; located at the level of the 2nd rib
* apex = lower, more pointed end of the heart; located at the 5th intercostal space
* precordium = the area of the anterior chest wall overlying the heart and great
vessels
** primary function = to pump and force blood through the blood vessels,
providing every cell in the body with vital nutrients and oxygen;
--- collects the deoxygenated blood from our body and pumping the blood to the
lungs to get oxygenated; returns to heart to be pumped to our entire body to
be used by all the cells in the body (i.e., unoxygenated (oxygen poor) = blood to
lungs; right heart; oxygenated (oxygen rich) = blood to body, left heart)
3.
, * Hondros BIO 117 (Exam 3)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ccz68j
Anatomy of the ** the heart is made up of 3 layers of tissue (listed superficial to deep):
Heart: Coverings
/ Layers * pericardium/pericardial sac = serous (double layer) membrane (sling-like struc-
ture) that support the heart; part of the pericardial sac continuous with the
epicardium; does not directly touch the heart but attaches or anchors the heart to
surrounding structures (i.e., diaphragm, large blood vessels);
--- visceral pericardium or epicardium (innermost layer closest to the heart; covers
the heart) folds back to become the parietal pericardium (lines the cavity) that
attaches to the outer fibrous pericardium
--- between the visceral (epicardium) and parietal pericardium is a space called
the pericardial space or cavity; serous fluid is secreted here which helps to
lubricate the surfaces of the membranes, reducing friction and rubbing from the
heart and surrounding organs when it beats
* epicardium = also called the visceral pericardium; thin, outermost layer of the
heart; helps form the pericardium; part of the pericardial sac directly attached to
the heart; covers the heart
--- NOTE: although it is part of the pericardium, counts as the 3rd layer (outer
layer) of the heart (ex: apple in a paper bag = heart is the apple, the epicardi-
um/pericardial sac is the paper bag)
* myocardium = "middle" layer; thickest of the 3 layers; composed of cardiac
muscle which contracts as it pumps blood through the blood vessels; controlled
by the autonomic nervous system (see "ANS and the Heart")
--- myocardial fibers are striated and interconnected; encourages the rapid
spread of the electrical signal over the myocardium and a well-coordinated and
forceful muscle contraction
* endocardium = "inside" or innermost layer; lines the valves and is continuous
with the blood vessels that enter and leave the heart; also called "endothelium"
--- innermost layer of the blood vessels; smooth, shiny surface allows blood to
flow over it easily
, * Hondros BIO 117 (Exam 3)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ccz68j
4. Anatomy of the ** the heart has 4 chambers (one each in the right and left hearts):
Heart: Chambers --- 2 atria = upper chambers that receive the blood into the heart; holding
/ Great Vessels chambers (little cardiac muscle)
--- 2 ventricles = lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart; ventricle walls
are thicker because they must pump blood out of the heart; pumping chambers
(all cardiac muscle)
** right and left hearts are separated by 2 septa:
--- interatrial septum = separate the right/left atria
--- interventricular septum = separate the right/left ventricles
* right atrium = thin-walled cavity that receives UNOXYGENATED blood from the
superior and inferior vena cavae
--- superior vena cava = collects blood from the head and upper body region
--- inferior vena cava = receives blood from the lower part of the body
* right ventricle = receives UNOXYGENATED blood from right atrium; primary
function is to pump blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
* left atrium = thin-walled cavity that receives OXYGENATED blood from the lungs
through 4 pulmonary veins
* left ventricle = receives OXYGENATED blood from the left atrium; primary function
is to pump blood into systemic circulation; 3-5x larger
--- blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta (largest artery of the body);
myocardium is thicker here than in the right ventricle due to the greater amount
of force required to pump blood into the systemic circulation (aorta)
** great vessels = large blood vessels attached to the heart; include:
* superior vena cava = superior of the 2 main vena cavae or great venous trunks;
receives/collects UNOXYGENATED blood from the head, shoulders, and upper
extremities; empties into the right atrium
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ccz68j
1. Anatomy of the * cardiac output = HR x stroke volume; the amount of blood leaving the heart in
Heart: Terms 1 minute
--- heart pumps about 5 L of blood per minute
* venous return = rate of blood flow back to the heart
* heart rate = how many times the heart beats per minute
--- normal HR = 60-100 bpm
* stroke volume = amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat (volume
ejected by ventricles)
--- average resting stroke volume is 60-80 mL/beat (~ 2 oz)
2. Anatomy of the ** the heart is a hollow muscular organ found in the thoracic (pericardial) cavity;
Heart: Location / contained inside the mediastinum (i.e., space between lungs) and positioned
Functions in-between the two lungs, behind the sternum, and slightly to the left of the body's
midline; "2 pumps in one"
* base = upper flat portion of the heart; located at the level of the 2nd rib
* apex = lower, more pointed end of the heart; located at the 5th intercostal space
* precordium = the area of the anterior chest wall overlying the heart and great
vessels
** primary function = to pump and force blood through the blood vessels,
providing every cell in the body with vital nutrients and oxygen;
--- collects the deoxygenated blood from our body and pumping the blood to the
lungs to get oxygenated; returns to heart to be pumped to our entire body to
be used by all the cells in the body (i.e., unoxygenated (oxygen poor) = blood to
lungs; right heart; oxygenated (oxygen rich) = blood to body, left heart)
3.
, * Hondros BIO 117 (Exam 3)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ccz68j
Anatomy of the ** the heart is made up of 3 layers of tissue (listed superficial to deep):
Heart: Coverings
/ Layers * pericardium/pericardial sac = serous (double layer) membrane (sling-like struc-
ture) that support the heart; part of the pericardial sac continuous with the
epicardium; does not directly touch the heart but attaches or anchors the heart to
surrounding structures (i.e., diaphragm, large blood vessels);
--- visceral pericardium or epicardium (innermost layer closest to the heart; covers
the heart) folds back to become the parietal pericardium (lines the cavity) that
attaches to the outer fibrous pericardium
--- between the visceral (epicardium) and parietal pericardium is a space called
the pericardial space or cavity; serous fluid is secreted here which helps to
lubricate the surfaces of the membranes, reducing friction and rubbing from the
heart and surrounding organs when it beats
* epicardium = also called the visceral pericardium; thin, outermost layer of the
heart; helps form the pericardium; part of the pericardial sac directly attached to
the heart; covers the heart
--- NOTE: although it is part of the pericardium, counts as the 3rd layer (outer
layer) of the heart (ex: apple in a paper bag = heart is the apple, the epicardi-
um/pericardial sac is the paper bag)
* myocardium = "middle" layer; thickest of the 3 layers; composed of cardiac
muscle which contracts as it pumps blood through the blood vessels; controlled
by the autonomic nervous system (see "ANS and the Heart")
--- myocardial fibers are striated and interconnected; encourages the rapid
spread of the electrical signal over the myocardium and a well-coordinated and
forceful muscle contraction
* endocardium = "inside" or innermost layer; lines the valves and is continuous
with the blood vessels that enter and leave the heart; also called "endothelium"
--- innermost layer of the blood vessels; smooth, shiny surface allows blood to
flow over it easily
, * Hondros BIO 117 (Exam 3)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ccz68j
4. Anatomy of the ** the heart has 4 chambers (one each in the right and left hearts):
Heart: Chambers --- 2 atria = upper chambers that receive the blood into the heart; holding
/ Great Vessels chambers (little cardiac muscle)
--- 2 ventricles = lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart; ventricle walls
are thicker because they must pump blood out of the heart; pumping chambers
(all cardiac muscle)
** right and left hearts are separated by 2 septa:
--- interatrial septum = separate the right/left atria
--- interventricular septum = separate the right/left ventricles
* right atrium = thin-walled cavity that receives UNOXYGENATED blood from the
superior and inferior vena cavae
--- superior vena cava = collects blood from the head and upper body region
--- inferior vena cava = receives blood from the lower part of the body
* right ventricle = receives UNOXYGENATED blood from right atrium; primary
function is to pump blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
* left atrium = thin-walled cavity that receives OXYGENATED blood from the lungs
through 4 pulmonary veins
* left ventricle = receives OXYGENATED blood from the left atrium; primary function
is to pump blood into systemic circulation; 3-5x larger
--- blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta (largest artery of the body);
myocardium is thicker here than in the right ventricle due to the greater amount
of force required to pump blood into the systemic circulation (aorta)
** great vessels = large blood vessels attached to the heart; include:
* superior vena cava = superior of the 2 main vena cavae or great venous trunks;
receives/collects UNOXYGENATED blood from the head, shoulders, and upper
extremities; empties into the right atrium
