Structural systems: (4) Compressive
Tensive
Bending
Portal frames
Material categories: (4) Natural materials
Artificial produced materials
New materials
Old materials
What are old materials? Materials replaced with artificial
materials. For example, iron.
Reinforced concrete = Concrete strengthened with rebar
to take tensile stress. Since
concrete is almost fully
compressive.
Is hardwood or softwood most Softwood. It grows faster, thus
used? cheaper, thus most used.
Deciduous = Hardwood
Coniferous = Softwood
Is masonry (brick, natural stone, All can handle compression and
concrete) mostly tensive or minor tension.
compressive?
Stress-weight-ratio (SWR) = Shows the maximum allowed
length of the material.
Strength (ULS) = Shows the possibility of collapse.
Stiffness (SLS) = Shows the possibility of
reformation.
When is a structure safe? When Sd (design load) are smaller
than Rd (design strength). ->
Chance of failure is smaller than
10-6.
Reliability classes: (3) 1. Structures with no people
during bad weather.
2. All other buildings (houses).
3. Structure with great impact if
damaged.
Load types: (3) Permanent (dead) loads ->
Constant.
Variable (live) loads -> Snow,
people.
Accidental loads -> Earthquake.
Introduction
, Columns
Roman pillar styles: Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Tuscan
Doric-Roman
Composite
Stocky column = Columns with a large cross section
compared to the height -> l/d <15.
When is a column stable? If fc (compressive strength) is
larger than 𝝈c (stress).
Timber column-beam connection: Connecting material to distribute
(2) pressure.
Steel shoe at the base to prevent
water damage.
Steel column-beam connection: (2) End plate at the beam for
connection.
Steel foot plate at the base.
Concrete column-beam connection: Beams should be wider than the
column. So that column
reinforcement can pass through
easier.
Tensive
Bending
Portal frames
Material categories: (4) Natural materials
Artificial produced materials
New materials
Old materials
What are old materials? Materials replaced with artificial
materials. For example, iron.
Reinforced concrete = Concrete strengthened with rebar
to take tensile stress. Since
concrete is almost fully
compressive.
Is hardwood or softwood most Softwood. It grows faster, thus
used? cheaper, thus most used.
Deciduous = Hardwood
Coniferous = Softwood
Is masonry (brick, natural stone, All can handle compression and
concrete) mostly tensive or minor tension.
compressive?
Stress-weight-ratio (SWR) = Shows the maximum allowed
length of the material.
Strength (ULS) = Shows the possibility of collapse.
Stiffness (SLS) = Shows the possibility of
reformation.
When is a structure safe? When Sd (design load) are smaller
than Rd (design strength). ->
Chance of failure is smaller than
10-6.
Reliability classes: (3) 1. Structures with no people
during bad weather.
2. All other buildings (houses).
3. Structure with great impact if
damaged.
Load types: (3) Permanent (dead) loads ->
Constant.
Variable (live) loads -> Snow,
people.
Accidental loads -> Earthquake.
Introduction
, Columns
Roman pillar styles: Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Tuscan
Doric-Roman
Composite
Stocky column = Columns with a large cross section
compared to the height -> l/d <15.
When is a column stable? If fc (compressive strength) is
larger than 𝝈c (stress).
Timber column-beam connection: Connecting material to distribute
(2) pressure.
Steel shoe at the base to prevent
water damage.
Steel column-beam connection: (2) End plate at the beam for
connection.
Steel foot plate at the base.
Concrete column-beam connection: Beams should be wider than the
column. So that column
reinforcement can pass through
easier.
