HCA 201B COMPREHENSIVE UPDATED EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Ureters - ✔✔carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
✔✔After urine is passed through the bladder it - ✔✔travels through the urethra and
excreted through the meatus
✔✔which urethra is shorter, women or men? - ✔✔Women
✔✔Who are more susceptible to a UTI, women or men - ✔✔Women
✔✔UTI - ✔✔infection that enters the urethra
✔✔Common Causes of a UTI? - ✔✔- Catheterization
- Poor peri hygiene
- Immobility
- Poor fluid intake
- Poor nutrition
✔✔Cystitis - ✔✔Bladder infection caused by bacteria
✔✔Pyelonephritis - ✔✔Inflammation of kidney or pelvis caused by infection
✔✔Pyelonephritis signs and symptoms - ✔✔Dysuria, Oliguria, frequent or urgency to
urinate, Fever and chills, hematuria, foul smelling urine, cloudy urine, sediments
✔✔Kidney Stones are also known as ? - ✔✔Renal Calculi
✔✔what are Renal Calculi ( kidney stones) signs and symptoms? - ✔✔Severe pain in
back, pain in abdomen, fever & chills, Dysuria, urine frequency, hematuria
✔✔Treatment for Kidney stones? - ✔✔Surgery, Drugs for pain, Pushing fluids
✔✔What happens in Renal Failure ? - ✔✔waste is not removed from blood, body
retains fluids, heart failure or hypertension
✔✔2 types of renal failure - ✔✔- Acute
- Chronic
✔✔Treatment for acute renal failure? - ✔✔Medications, Restricted fluids and low
sodium diet
, ✔✔Treatment for Chronic renal failure? - ✔✔Medications, Restricted fluids, low sodium
diet, renal dialysis
✔✔A healthy adult excretes how much urine daily ? - ✔✔1500mL of urine daily
✔✔When emptying a catheter bag what should you look for in urine? - ✔✔Observe
Color, Amount and Odour
✔✔What are some abnormal urine observations? - ✔✔- Red or peach coloured urine
- odour, particles
- cloudiness, sediment
- mucous threads
- blood clots
✔✔6 basic types of incontinence: - ✔✔· Stress incontinence (Dribble) - Bladder leaks
during a physical activity
· Urge incontinence - Urgent uncontrollable need to pee
· Overflow incontinence - Overfull bladder causing incontinence
· Functional incontinence - Person is aware they need to pee but cannot seek out a
bathroom on their own Ex. Dementia residents
· Reflex - Involuntary loss of urine at predictable times
· Mixed incontinence - Combination of urge and stress incontinence
✔✔what is the process called when the lungs bring in o2 and release co2? -
✔✔respiration
✔✔What is the average respiration rate ? - ✔✔12-20 breaths per minute
✔✔what is the flap or lid that keeps everything out but air? - ✔✔Epiglottis
✔✔what is the medical term if food or fluid enters the lungs? - ✔✔Aspiration
✔✔After air passes through the larynx it then goes through what ? - ✔✔Trachea
✔✔After the trachea it divides into 2 airways called? - ✔✔Bronchi
✔✔What are the small branch like air ways that stem off the bronchi? - ✔✔Bronchioles
✔✔What are the grape like sacs at the end of the bronchioles called? - ✔✔Alveoli
✔✔what takes place in the alveoli? - ✔✔gas exchange
✔✔what are the 3 Pleural linings called ? - ✔✔1. Visceral Pleura
2. Parietal Pleura
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Ureters - ✔✔carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
✔✔After urine is passed through the bladder it - ✔✔travels through the urethra and
excreted through the meatus
✔✔which urethra is shorter, women or men? - ✔✔Women
✔✔Who are more susceptible to a UTI, women or men - ✔✔Women
✔✔UTI - ✔✔infection that enters the urethra
✔✔Common Causes of a UTI? - ✔✔- Catheterization
- Poor peri hygiene
- Immobility
- Poor fluid intake
- Poor nutrition
✔✔Cystitis - ✔✔Bladder infection caused by bacteria
✔✔Pyelonephritis - ✔✔Inflammation of kidney or pelvis caused by infection
✔✔Pyelonephritis signs and symptoms - ✔✔Dysuria, Oliguria, frequent or urgency to
urinate, Fever and chills, hematuria, foul smelling urine, cloudy urine, sediments
✔✔Kidney Stones are also known as ? - ✔✔Renal Calculi
✔✔what are Renal Calculi ( kidney stones) signs and symptoms? - ✔✔Severe pain in
back, pain in abdomen, fever & chills, Dysuria, urine frequency, hematuria
✔✔Treatment for Kidney stones? - ✔✔Surgery, Drugs for pain, Pushing fluids
✔✔What happens in Renal Failure ? - ✔✔waste is not removed from blood, body
retains fluids, heart failure or hypertension
✔✔2 types of renal failure - ✔✔- Acute
- Chronic
✔✔Treatment for acute renal failure? - ✔✔Medications, Restricted fluids and low
sodium diet
, ✔✔Treatment for Chronic renal failure? - ✔✔Medications, Restricted fluids, low sodium
diet, renal dialysis
✔✔A healthy adult excretes how much urine daily ? - ✔✔1500mL of urine daily
✔✔When emptying a catheter bag what should you look for in urine? - ✔✔Observe
Color, Amount and Odour
✔✔What are some abnormal urine observations? - ✔✔- Red or peach coloured urine
- odour, particles
- cloudiness, sediment
- mucous threads
- blood clots
✔✔6 basic types of incontinence: - ✔✔· Stress incontinence (Dribble) - Bladder leaks
during a physical activity
· Urge incontinence - Urgent uncontrollable need to pee
· Overflow incontinence - Overfull bladder causing incontinence
· Functional incontinence - Person is aware they need to pee but cannot seek out a
bathroom on their own Ex. Dementia residents
· Reflex - Involuntary loss of urine at predictable times
· Mixed incontinence - Combination of urge and stress incontinence
✔✔what is the process called when the lungs bring in o2 and release co2? -
✔✔respiration
✔✔What is the average respiration rate ? - ✔✔12-20 breaths per minute
✔✔what is the flap or lid that keeps everything out but air? - ✔✔Epiglottis
✔✔what is the medical term if food or fluid enters the lungs? - ✔✔Aspiration
✔✔After air passes through the larynx it then goes through what ? - ✔✔Trachea
✔✔After the trachea it divides into 2 airways called? - ✔✔Bronchi
✔✔What are the small branch like air ways that stem off the bronchi? - ✔✔Bronchioles
✔✔What are the grape like sacs at the end of the bronchioles called? - ✔✔Alveoli
✔✔what takes place in the alveoli? - ✔✔gas exchange
✔✔what are the 3 Pleural linings called ? - ✔✔1. Visceral Pleura
2. Parietal Pleura
