WGU D027 Exam Pathopharmacological Advanced
Foundations Objective Final Actual Exam | Complete
Questions with Correct Answers | Verified Answers | Western
Governors University| PDF
What are some physical changes from Alzheimer's dementia? -
SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Brain shrinks dramatically; nerve cell death
and tissue loss
- Cardinal signs: plaques (abnormal clusters of protein fragments) and
tangles (twisted strands of another protein)
How is Alzheimer's treated? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - There is no cure,
but there are pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments
- Cholinesterase inhibitors
- Memantine (namenda)
What are cholinesterase inhibitors prescribed for? - SELECTED ANSWER
👀 - To treat symptoms related to memory, thinking, language, judgment,
and other processes
- Helps delay or slow the worsening of symptoms
What does cholinesterase inhibitors do? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 -
Prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a chemical messenger that is
important for learning and memory
- Supports communication among nerve cells by keeping the acetylcholine
high
What are some commonly prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors? -
SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Donepezil (aricept)
- Galantamine (razadyne)
- Rivastigmine (exeleon)
Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for all stages of Alzheimer's? -
SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Donepezil (aricept)
Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for mild-to-moderate stages of
Alzheimer's? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Galantamine (razadyne)
- Rivastigmine (exeleon)
,Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for mild-to-moderate
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Rivastigmine
(exeleon)
What medication combination is used to treat moderate-to-severe
Alzheimer's? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Memantine (namenda) and
donepezil (aricept)
What is memantine (namenda) used for? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 -
Prescribed to improve memory, attention, reason, language, and the ability
to perform simple tasks
- Can be used alone or with other Alzheimer's disease treatments
How does memantine (namenda) work? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 -
Regulates the activity of glutamate, a chemical involved in information
processing, storage, and retrieval
- Improves mental functioning and ability to perform daily activities for some
people
What is the difference in MOA between cholinesterase inhibitors and
memantine (namenda)? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Cholinesterase
inhibitors prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, whereas memantine
(namenda) regulates the activity of glutamate
What is ataxia? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Also known as cerebellum
attacks
- Degenerative disease of the nervous system
- Many symptoms mimic those of being drunk (i.e. slurred speech,
stumbling, falling, and incoordination)
What causes the symptoms of ataxia? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - The
damage caused to the cerebellum, the part of the brain that is responsible
for coordinating movements
- Can also be caused by damage to part of the spinal cord and nerves
What is the treatment for ataxia? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - No
treatment
,- In some cases, treating the underlying causes (i.e. stopping medications
that cause ataxia)
- In other cases, it is a result from chicken pox or other viral infections
(likely to resolve on its own)
- Genetic causes/predisposed disposition is usually chronic
What causes ataxia in the pediatric population? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀
- Genetic predisposition
- Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS)
- Prader-Willie Syndrome
What is Fragile X syndrome (FXS)? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - A genetic
condition inherited from parents which results in various developmental
problems
- Rare, but may be dangerous or life-threatening
- Present at birth and is a lifelong condition
- Rarely requires lab testing or imaging
- Often linked to autism (1/3 do have autism)
- X-linked disorder
Since Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is an X-linked disorder, does a specific
gender have a greater risk? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Often, females
are carriers and males are affected
- However, both males and females can be carriers, and both can be
affected by the condition
- Usually milder in females
How did Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) get its name? - SELECTED ANSWER
👀 - The gene Fragile X (the FMR1 gene) is on the X syndrome
- Mutation of the FMR1 gene
What is the difference between Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia
Syndrome (FXTAS) and Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)? - SELECTED
ANSWER 👀 - Both caused by mutations on the FMR1 gene, but they are
caused by different changes in this gene
- FXS is caused by a full mutation
- FXTAS is a premutation
- FXS is present at birth, but display these features in early life
, - FXTAS develops in adulthood (usually after age 50) and the symptoms
may appear slowly and develop over the years
- FXTAS individuals are usually healthy with normal cognitive skills prior to
the onset
How is Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS)
diagnosed? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Being a FMR1 premutation
carrier
- The appearance of neurological features such as ataxia (balance
problems), tremors, and other symptoms
- MRI findings (changes in the brain)
What is Prader-Willie Syndrome? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Genetic
disorder that affects many parts of the body and their growth
- Causes mental and behavioral problems
- Can be dangerous or life threatening if untreated
- Combination of contraceptives contraindicated in breast feeding
- More common in females
- Confirmed from laboratory findings
What is the cause of Prader-Willi Syndrome? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 -
Depletion of chromosome 15 from father
- Missing or non-working genes on chromosome 15 (15q11-q13)
- Most cases are not inherited and occur randomly
- Depletion of genes (genes from the region are missing)
- Uniparental disomy - both chromosomes are inherited from the mother
- Imprinting mutation - genes on the paternal chromosome is inactive
What does Prader-Willi Syndrome do to the body? - SELECTED ANSWER
👀 - Caused the hypothalamus to malfunction (the area of the brain that
affects hunger, thirst, sex and growth hormones)
- In infancy, an individual does not meet development milestones suck as
sitting up and walking
- Their eyes lack coordination
What is a key feature of Prader-Willi Syndrome? - SELECTED ANSWER
👀 - A constant sense of hunger that usually begins around 2 years of age
- People with Prader-Willi Syndrome want to eat constantly because they
never feel full
Foundations Objective Final Actual Exam | Complete
Questions with Correct Answers | Verified Answers | Western
Governors University| PDF
What are some physical changes from Alzheimer's dementia? -
SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Brain shrinks dramatically; nerve cell death
and tissue loss
- Cardinal signs: plaques (abnormal clusters of protein fragments) and
tangles (twisted strands of another protein)
How is Alzheimer's treated? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - There is no cure,
but there are pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments
- Cholinesterase inhibitors
- Memantine (namenda)
What are cholinesterase inhibitors prescribed for? - SELECTED ANSWER
👀 - To treat symptoms related to memory, thinking, language, judgment,
and other processes
- Helps delay or slow the worsening of symptoms
What does cholinesterase inhibitors do? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 -
Prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a chemical messenger that is
important for learning and memory
- Supports communication among nerve cells by keeping the acetylcholine
high
What are some commonly prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors? -
SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Donepezil (aricept)
- Galantamine (razadyne)
- Rivastigmine (exeleon)
Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for all stages of Alzheimer's? -
SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Donepezil (aricept)
Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for mild-to-moderate stages of
Alzheimer's? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Galantamine (razadyne)
- Rivastigmine (exeleon)
,Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for mild-to-moderate
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Rivastigmine
(exeleon)
What medication combination is used to treat moderate-to-severe
Alzheimer's? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Memantine (namenda) and
donepezil (aricept)
What is memantine (namenda) used for? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 -
Prescribed to improve memory, attention, reason, language, and the ability
to perform simple tasks
- Can be used alone or with other Alzheimer's disease treatments
How does memantine (namenda) work? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 -
Regulates the activity of glutamate, a chemical involved in information
processing, storage, and retrieval
- Improves mental functioning and ability to perform daily activities for some
people
What is the difference in MOA between cholinesterase inhibitors and
memantine (namenda)? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Cholinesterase
inhibitors prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, whereas memantine
(namenda) regulates the activity of glutamate
What is ataxia? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Also known as cerebellum
attacks
- Degenerative disease of the nervous system
- Many symptoms mimic those of being drunk (i.e. slurred speech,
stumbling, falling, and incoordination)
What causes the symptoms of ataxia? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - The
damage caused to the cerebellum, the part of the brain that is responsible
for coordinating movements
- Can also be caused by damage to part of the spinal cord and nerves
What is the treatment for ataxia? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - No
treatment
,- In some cases, treating the underlying causes (i.e. stopping medications
that cause ataxia)
- In other cases, it is a result from chicken pox or other viral infections
(likely to resolve on its own)
- Genetic causes/predisposed disposition is usually chronic
What causes ataxia in the pediatric population? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀
- Genetic predisposition
- Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS)
- Prader-Willie Syndrome
What is Fragile X syndrome (FXS)? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - A genetic
condition inherited from parents which results in various developmental
problems
- Rare, but may be dangerous or life-threatening
- Present at birth and is a lifelong condition
- Rarely requires lab testing or imaging
- Often linked to autism (1/3 do have autism)
- X-linked disorder
Since Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is an X-linked disorder, does a specific
gender have a greater risk? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Often, females
are carriers and males are affected
- However, both males and females can be carriers, and both can be
affected by the condition
- Usually milder in females
How did Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) get its name? - SELECTED ANSWER
👀 - The gene Fragile X (the FMR1 gene) is on the X syndrome
- Mutation of the FMR1 gene
What is the difference between Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia
Syndrome (FXTAS) and Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)? - SELECTED
ANSWER 👀 - Both caused by mutations on the FMR1 gene, but they are
caused by different changes in this gene
- FXS is caused by a full mutation
- FXTAS is a premutation
- FXS is present at birth, but display these features in early life
, - FXTAS develops in adulthood (usually after age 50) and the symptoms
may appear slowly and develop over the years
- FXTAS individuals are usually healthy with normal cognitive skills prior to
the onset
How is Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS)
diagnosed? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Being a FMR1 premutation
carrier
- The appearance of neurological features such as ataxia (balance
problems), tremors, and other symptoms
- MRI findings (changes in the brain)
What is Prader-Willie Syndrome? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 - Genetic
disorder that affects many parts of the body and their growth
- Causes mental and behavioral problems
- Can be dangerous or life threatening if untreated
- Combination of contraceptives contraindicated in breast feeding
- More common in females
- Confirmed from laboratory findings
What is the cause of Prader-Willi Syndrome? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀 -
Depletion of chromosome 15 from father
- Missing or non-working genes on chromosome 15 (15q11-q13)
- Most cases are not inherited and occur randomly
- Depletion of genes (genes from the region are missing)
- Uniparental disomy - both chromosomes are inherited from the mother
- Imprinting mutation - genes on the paternal chromosome is inactive
What does Prader-Willi Syndrome do to the body? - SELECTED ANSWER
👀 - Caused the hypothalamus to malfunction (the area of the brain that
affects hunger, thirst, sex and growth hormones)
- In infancy, an individual does not meet development milestones suck as
sitting up and walking
- Their eyes lack coordination
What is a key feature of Prader-Willi Syndrome? - SELECTED ANSWER
👀 - A constant sense of hunger that usually begins around 2 years of age
- People with Prader-Willi Syndrome want to eat constantly because they
never feel full
