National Groundwater Association (NGWA) Exam ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
with verified detailed solutions ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Water well defined ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Drilled, cored, bored, washed, dug, driven, jetted excavation, constructed for extracting
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
groundwater.
Cable tool drill string ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Socket, jars, stem, and drill bit. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Drill String ||\\//||
Entire column of string or drill pipe,drill collars, and accessories that transmit fluid and/or
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
rotational power from Kelly(top head drive) to the drill collars and bit. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rotary Drill string ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Drill bit, Drill collar (stabilizer), Drill pipe, Kelly (top head)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Porosity
The percentage of void spaces or holes in geologic formation. The amount of connected pore
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
spaces
,Barite
barium sulfate (BaSO4), a mineral used to increase the weight of drilling fluid (mud); its specific
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
gravity is 4.2 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Air Rotary Drilling
||\\//|| ||\\//||
a method of rotary drilling that uses compressed air as the circulating medium; compressed air at
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
high uphole velocity removes the cuttings
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Surfactants
Improve flushing of cuttings from bit. Used in air-based drilling to produce foam during well
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
drilling, also well development to disaggregate clays ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2.31
Unit of energy constant to overcome gravity. Head calculation 2.31 X 40psi = 92.4' of lift. 600' /
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2.31 = 260psi ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Well Development ||\\//||
a procedure to facilitate the removal of fine solids and materials from the water-bearing zone of a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
water well to optimize production ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Well Development Methods ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Chemical, Over pumping, Rawhiding (Washing and backwashing), Mechanical Surging, Jetting, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Air surging.||\\//||
, Over Pumping ||\\//||
Well Development method; involves pumping well at a much higher rate than it will be pumped
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
during well evacuation or sampling. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rawhiding (washing and back washing) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Well Development method, involves pumping water to the top of the well then allowing it to flow
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
back through the intake of the pump, breaking up the bridge of sediments only around the pump
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
intake.
Mechanical Surging ||\\//||
Well Development method, involves attaching a surging block to the drill rod that fits well inside
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
diameter, then dropping the block rapidly, forcing the water back up into the surrounding aquifer. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
In the recovery stroke water is lifted back into the well allowing fine sediments to flow from the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
aquifer.
Jetting
Well Development method, involves attaching a surging block like tool with jetting nozzles, then
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
with an external water pressure supply jet the water back into the well screen with in the well
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
where it is most needed. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Air Surging ||\\//||
Well Development method, involves injecting air into the borehole such that aerated slugs of water
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
are lifted irregularly out the top of the well casing. Air pressure may be cycled on and off to create
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
a surging action desirable in well development. Sufficient air pressure will result in a continuous
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
flow of aerated water out the top of the well, removing sediment and fine particles from the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
borehole.
with verified detailed solutions ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Water well defined ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Drilled, cored, bored, washed, dug, driven, jetted excavation, constructed for extracting
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
groundwater.
Cable tool drill string ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Socket, jars, stem, and drill bit. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Drill String ||\\//||
Entire column of string or drill pipe,drill collars, and accessories that transmit fluid and/or
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
rotational power from Kelly(top head drive) to the drill collars and bit. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rotary Drill string ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Drill bit, Drill collar (stabilizer), Drill pipe, Kelly (top head)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Porosity
The percentage of void spaces or holes in geologic formation. The amount of connected pore
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
spaces
,Barite
barium sulfate (BaSO4), a mineral used to increase the weight of drilling fluid (mud); its specific
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
gravity is 4.2 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Air Rotary Drilling
||\\//|| ||\\//||
a method of rotary drilling that uses compressed air as the circulating medium; compressed air at
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
high uphole velocity removes the cuttings
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Surfactants
Improve flushing of cuttings from bit. Used in air-based drilling to produce foam during well
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
drilling, also well development to disaggregate clays ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2.31
Unit of energy constant to overcome gravity. Head calculation 2.31 X 40psi = 92.4' of lift. 600' /
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2.31 = 260psi ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Well Development ||\\//||
a procedure to facilitate the removal of fine solids and materials from the water-bearing zone of a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
water well to optimize production ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Well Development Methods ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Chemical, Over pumping, Rawhiding (Washing and backwashing), Mechanical Surging, Jetting, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Air surging.||\\//||
, Over Pumping ||\\//||
Well Development method; involves pumping well at a much higher rate than it will be pumped
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
during well evacuation or sampling. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rawhiding (washing and back washing) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Well Development method, involves pumping water to the top of the well then allowing it to flow
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
back through the intake of the pump, breaking up the bridge of sediments only around the pump
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
intake.
Mechanical Surging ||\\//||
Well Development method, involves attaching a surging block to the drill rod that fits well inside
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
diameter, then dropping the block rapidly, forcing the water back up into the surrounding aquifer. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
In the recovery stroke water is lifted back into the well allowing fine sediments to flow from the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
aquifer.
Jetting
Well Development method, involves attaching a surging block like tool with jetting nozzles, then
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
with an external water pressure supply jet the water back into the well screen with in the well
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
where it is most needed. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Air Surging ||\\//||
Well Development method, involves injecting air into the borehole such that aerated slugs of water
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
are lifted irregularly out the top of the well casing. Air pressure may be cycled on and off to create
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
a surging action desirable in well development. Sufficient air pressure will result in a continuous
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
flow of aerated water out the top of the well, removing sediment and fine particles from the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
borehole.
