ATI ENDOCRINE ADVANCED EXAM
(2025/2026) ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES AND A READINESS PRACTICE
EXAM TEST BANK WITH A STUDY GUIDE |
LATEST UPDATED AND VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PA.
How glucagon works
Converts liver glycogen to glucose, which takes 20 minutes. Expect unconscious patients to regain
consciousness in 20 minutes. (D50 is treatment of choice in severe hypoglycemia)
Glucagon side effects
Nausea and vomiting, 50% incidence. May persist after administration. Monitor fluid and carbohydrate
intake. Aspiration risk in unconscious patients. Turn on the side and have suction available
Myxedema coma causes
Untreated hypoglycemia, sudden withdrawal of thyroid replacement, stressors like illness or surgery
Hypothalamus hormones
Growth hormone releasing hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone,
gonadotropin releasing hormone, antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
Hormones produced by anterior pituitary
Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle simulating hormone,
luteinizing hormone
Examples of antithyroid drugs
propylthiouracil (PTU)
methimazole (Tapazole)
How gliptins work
Augments increase by inhibiting enzymes that inactivate them. Promotes release of insulin. Decreases
release of glucagon. Lowers fasting and postprandial blood glucose.
Gliptin side effects
Usually well tolerated. Increased upper respiratory infections, inflamed nasal passages, headache,
pancreatitis
Hormones produced by posterior pituitary
, Antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
Example of amylin mimetic
pramlitide (Symlin)
Amylin
Produced by pancreatic beta cells, balances effects of insulin, slows gastric emptying, inhibits glucagon
secretion, enhances feeling of satiety
Insulin actions
Promotes uptake and metabolism of glucose by cells and amino acids, inhibits release of glucose by liver
and breakdown of fats
Hormones made by adrenal cortex
Cortisol, aldosteron, androgens, estrogen
Hormones made by the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine, norepinephrine
6 types of oral hypoglycemics
Sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glycosidase inhibitors, gliptins
Examples of sulfonylurea
glipizide (Glucotrol)
tolbutamide (Orinase)
How sulfonylureas work
Stimulate pancreas to release insulin
Side effects of sulfonylureas
Mild hypoglycemia, especially if kidney or liver impaired
Nausea
Diarrhea
Signs of hypoglycemia
Diaphoresis, tachycardia, fatigue, excessive hunger, tremors
How to give glipizide
Give orally 30 minutes before selected meals. Swallow sustained release from the whole. Pregnant
patients stop taking 48 h. before delivery.
Sulfonylurea contraindications/precautions
Contraindications: Pregnancy, lactation, DKA
Precautions: Thyroid disease, renal or hepatic dysfunction, adrenal or pituitary insufficiency
Sulfonylurea interactions
Alcohol: disulfiram-like reaction (mostly first-generation), also increases
hypoglycemic effect
(2025/2026) ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES AND A READINESS PRACTICE
EXAM TEST BANK WITH A STUDY GUIDE |
LATEST UPDATED AND VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PA.
How glucagon works
Converts liver glycogen to glucose, which takes 20 minutes. Expect unconscious patients to regain
consciousness in 20 minutes. (D50 is treatment of choice in severe hypoglycemia)
Glucagon side effects
Nausea and vomiting, 50% incidence. May persist after administration. Monitor fluid and carbohydrate
intake. Aspiration risk in unconscious patients. Turn on the side and have suction available
Myxedema coma causes
Untreated hypoglycemia, sudden withdrawal of thyroid replacement, stressors like illness or surgery
Hypothalamus hormones
Growth hormone releasing hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone,
gonadotropin releasing hormone, antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
Hormones produced by anterior pituitary
Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle simulating hormone,
luteinizing hormone
Examples of antithyroid drugs
propylthiouracil (PTU)
methimazole (Tapazole)
How gliptins work
Augments increase by inhibiting enzymes that inactivate them. Promotes release of insulin. Decreases
release of glucagon. Lowers fasting and postprandial blood glucose.
Gliptin side effects
Usually well tolerated. Increased upper respiratory infections, inflamed nasal passages, headache,
pancreatitis
Hormones produced by posterior pituitary
, Antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
Example of amylin mimetic
pramlitide (Symlin)
Amylin
Produced by pancreatic beta cells, balances effects of insulin, slows gastric emptying, inhibits glucagon
secretion, enhances feeling of satiety
Insulin actions
Promotes uptake and metabolism of glucose by cells and amino acids, inhibits release of glucose by liver
and breakdown of fats
Hormones made by adrenal cortex
Cortisol, aldosteron, androgens, estrogen
Hormones made by the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine, norepinephrine
6 types of oral hypoglycemics
Sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glycosidase inhibitors, gliptins
Examples of sulfonylurea
glipizide (Glucotrol)
tolbutamide (Orinase)
How sulfonylureas work
Stimulate pancreas to release insulin
Side effects of sulfonylureas
Mild hypoglycemia, especially if kidney or liver impaired
Nausea
Diarrhea
Signs of hypoglycemia
Diaphoresis, tachycardia, fatigue, excessive hunger, tremors
How to give glipizide
Give orally 30 minutes before selected meals. Swallow sustained release from the whole. Pregnant
patients stop taking 48 h. before delivery.
Sulfonylurea contraindications/precautions
Contraindications: Pregnancy, lactation, DKA
Precautions: Thyroid disease, renal or hepatic dysfunction, adrenal or pituitary insufficiency
Sulfonylurea interactions
Alcohol: disulfiram-like reaction (mostly first-generation), also increases
hypoglycemic effect
