NUR 641E MIDTERM STUDYGUIDE EXAM
WITH CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS
LATEST ALREADY GRADED A+ 2025 – 2026
endotoxic bacteria
-gram negative bacteria that stain red or pink
-stuck to outside of cell and released when the bacteria die
-LPS
exotoxic bacteria
-gram positive bacteria that stain purple
-released from bacteria
invasion period
when immune and inflammatory responses are initiated
pneumonia
-infection of lower respiratory tract
-sixth leading cause of death in U.S.
-CAP, HCAP, HAP, VAP
First pass
,the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the
liver before entering other organs
Bioequivalence
relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent
drugs. Does not affect bioavailability
Bioavailability (is affected by)
-chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 System
-enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic
compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous
metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants,
antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain
drugs that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole)
because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer
An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting
in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
, cytochrome p450 inhibitor
An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate
resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
HCAP
Healthcare-associated pneumonia
Clopidogrel
-Plavix
-prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19
metabolism
-individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the
active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines)
how often a drug is administered
How long does it take to reach a steady?
4-5 times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA)
-Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K
warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA)
WITH CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS
LATEST ALREADY GRADED A+ 2025 – 2026
endotoxic bacteria
-gram negative bacteria that stain red or pink
-stuck to outside of cell and released when the bacteria die
-LPS
exotoxic bacteria
-gram positive bacteria that stain purple
-released from bacteria
invasion period
when immune and inflammatory responses are initiated
pneumonia
-infection of lower respiratory tract
-sixth leading cause of death in U.S.
-CAP, HCAP, HAP, VAP
First pass
,the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the
liver before entering other organs
Bioequivalence
relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent
drugs. Does not affect bioavailability
Bioavailability (is affected by)
-chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 System
-enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic
compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous
metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants,
antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain
drugs that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole)
because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer
An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting
in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
, cytochrome p450 inhibitor
An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate
resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
HCAP
Healthcare-associated pneumonia
Clopidogrel
-Plavix
-prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19
metabolism
-individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the
active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines)
how often a drug is administered
How long does it take to reach a steady?
4-5 times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA)
-Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K
warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA)
