HAPS A&P II FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
What is the physiological response to acidosis?
A. Decrease in heart rate
B. Decrease in ventilation rate
C. Increase in ventilation/respiratory rate
D. Increase in blood pH
ANSWER: C – Increase in ventilation/respiratory rate
Rationale: The respiratory system compensates for acidosis by increasing ventilation to
expel CO₂, which reduces carbonic acid and raises blood pH.
What is true about cardiac muscle compared to other types?
A. It contracts faster than skeletal muscle
B. It lacks intercalated discs
C. It has a longer action potential plateau
D. It fatigues easily
ANSWER: C – It has a longer action potential plateau
Rationale: The plateau due to calcium influx prevents tetanus, allowing sustained
contraction for effective pumping.
What is a sign that dehydration with ADH has finished?
A. Plasma osmolarity increases
B. Plasma osmolarity returns to normal
C. Urine output decreases
D. Blood pressure drops
ANSWER: B – Plasma osmolarity returns to normal
Rationale: ADH release stops once osmolarity normalizes, signaling hydration balance
restoration.
How is ventilation adjusted physiologically?
A. Controlled by the cerebellum
B. Ventilatory pattern set in nuclei in medulla and pons
C. Reflexes from spinal cord
D. Controlled only by CO₂ sensors in lungs
ANSWER: B – Ventilatory pattern set in nuclei in medulla and pons
Rationale: The medullary and pontine centers automatically regulate breathing rhythm
and rate.
, How do you calculate pulmonary ventilation (mL/min)?
A. Tidal Volume × Heart Rate
B. Minute Ventilation × Cardiac Output
C. Tidal Volume × Minute Ventilation
D. Respiratory Rate × Tidal Volume
ANSWER: D – Respiratory Rate × Tidal Volume
Rationale: Pulmonary ventilation is total air moved per minute; it equals breaths per
minute times air per breath.
How do you calculate Cardiac Output?
A. Heart Rate ÷ Stroke Volume
B. Stroke Volume × Heart Rate
C. End Diastolic Volume × Pressure
D. Mean Arterial Pressure ÷ Resistance
ANSWER: B – Stroke Volume × Heart Rate
Rationale: Cardiac output represents the volume of blood pumped per minute.
What type of movement is unique to the colon?
A. Peristalsis
B. Mass Movement
C. Segmentation
D. Haustral contraction
ANSWER: B – Mass Movement
Rationale: Mass movements are strong peristaltic contractions that move fecal matter
toward the rectum.
Which physiological mechanism helps to lower blood pH?
A. Increased H⁺ secretion in nephron
B. Decreased H⁺ secretion in nephron
C. Increased bicarbonate retention
D. Decreased CO₂ exhalation
ANSWER: B – Decreased H⁺ secretion in nephron
Rationale: Retaining H⁺ instead of secreting it keeps blood more acidic, lowering pH.
What are organs of the lymphatic system?
A. Kidneys and pancreas
B. Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes
C. Liver, lungs, spleen
D. Thyroid, thymus, adrenal glands
ANSWER: B – Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes
Rationale: These organs filter lymph, produce immune cells, and remove pathogens.
ANSWERS 2025
What is the physiological response to acidosis?
A. Decrease in heart rate
B. Decrease in ventilation rate
C. Increase in ventilation/respiratory rate
D. Increase in blood pH
ANSWER: C – Increase in ventilation/respiratory rate
Rationale: The respiratory system compensates for acidosis by increasing ventilation to
expel CO₂, which reduces carbonic acid and raises blood pH.
What is true about cardiac muscle compared to other types?
A. It contracts faster than skeletal muscle
B. It lacks intercalated discs
C. It has a longer action potential plateau
D. It fatigues easily
ANSWER: C – It has a longer action potential plateau
Rationale: The plateau due to calcium influx prevents tetanus, allowing sustained
contraction for effective pumping.
What is a sign that dehydration with ADH has finished?
A. Plasma osmolarity increases
B. Plasma osmolarity returns to normal
C. Urine output decreases
D. Blood pressure drops
ANSWER: B – Plasma osmolarity returns to normal
Rationale: ADH release stops once osmolarity normalizes, signaling hydration balance
restoration.
How is ventilation adjusted physiologically?
A. Controlled by the cerebellum
B. Ventilatory pattern set in nuclei in medulla and pons
C. Reflexes from spinal cord
D. Controlled only by CO₂ sensors in lungs
ANSWER: B – Ventilatory pattern set in nuclei in medulla and pons
Rationale: The medullary and pontine centers automatically regulate breathing rhythm
and rate.
, How do you calculate pulmonary ventilation (mL/min)?
A. Tidal Volume × Heart Rate
B. Minute Ventilation × Cardiac Output
C. Tidal Volume × Minute Ventilation
D. Respiratory Rate × Tidal Volume
ANSWER: D – Respiratory Rate × Tidal Volume
Rationale: Pulmonary ventilation is total air moved per minute; it equals breaths per
minute times air per breath.
How do you calculate Cardiac Output?
A. Heart Rate ÷ Stroke Volume
B. Stroke Volume × Heart Rate
C. End Diastolic Volume × Pressure
D. Mean Arterial Pressure ÷ Resistance
ANSWER: B – Stroke Volume × Heart Rate
Rationale: Cardiac output represents the volume of blood pumped per minute.
What type of movement is unique to the colon?
A. Peristalsis
B. Mass Movement
C. Segmentation
D. Haustral contraction
ANSWER: B – Mass Movement
Rationale: Mass movements are strong peristaltic contractions that move fecal matter
toward the rectum.
Which physiological mechanism helps to lower blood pH?
A. Increased H⁺ secretion in nephron
B. Decreased H⁺ secretion in nephron
C. Increased bicarbonate retention
D. Decreased CO₂ exhalation
ANSWER: B – Decreased H⁺ secretion in nephron
Rationale: Retaining H⁺ instead of secreting it keeps blood more acidic, lowering pH.
What are organs of the lymphatic system?
A. Kidneys and pancreas
B. Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes
C. Liver, lungs, spleen
D. Thyroid, thymus, adrenal glands
ANSWER: B – Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes
Rationale: These organs filter lymph, produce immune cells, and remove pathogens.
