1|Page
GNRS 610-ADVANCED PATHO-EXAM 2| 2025
AZUSA PACIFIC UNIVERSITY|ACTUAL
150Qs&As|GRADED A+
1. Describe the structure and function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) -
..........ANSWER.......- 4 compents of DNA: sugar, phosphate and
nucleotide bases
-Sugar-phosphate backbone
-Nitrogen bases are steps
- 2 DNA strands make a pain
-adenine-- thymine
-Guanine-- cytosine
Function of deoxyribnucleic acid (DNA) in molecular inheritance -
..........ANSWER.......
Transcription - ..........ANSWER.......-Process of making mRNA
RNA- single stranded, has uracil instead of thymine
-mRNA made from a piece of DNA
Translation - ..........ANSWER.......
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Functions of the endocrine system - ..........ANSWER.......1.
differentiation of the reproductive and central nervous systems in the
developing fetus
2. stimulation of sequential growth and development during childhood
and adolescence
3. Coordination of the male and female reproductive systems
(reproduction)
4. maintenance of an optimal internal environment through life
5. Initiation of corrective and adaptive responses when emergency
demands occur
Innate Immunity - ..........ANSWER.......-Defense mechanisms that are
present at birth and provide the initial nonspecific response to invasion
and injury
-includes natural barriers (first line of defense) and inflammation
(second line of defense)
Adaptive immunity - ..........ANSWER.......-immunity that develops over
the lifetime of the individual and provides long-term protection against
specific invaders
-"memory"
-third line of defense
Protein components of ADAPTIVE immunity - ..........ANSWER.......1.
Antibodies
2. Humoral immunity
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Cellular component of ADAPTIVE immunity - ..........ANSWER.......1.
T-cells
-T-cytotoxic (CD-8)
-T-helper (CD-4)
2. B-cells
-plasma cells
-memory cells
3. Memory cells
Physical and Mechanical Barriers - ..........ANSWER.......-Epithelial cells
of the skin
-linings of the GI, GU and respiratory tract (mucous membranes)
Biochemical Barriers - ..........ANSWER.......-synthesize and secreted
substances meant to trap or destroy microorganisms derived from the
epithelial cells
-Mucus, perspiration, saliva, tears and earwax
Normal flora - ..........ANSWER.......-Microorganisms that reside in or on
the body without causing disease
- Skin and gut flora
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Inflammation - ..........ANSWER.......- Activated by any injury to
vascularized tissues
-When pathogen invasion or tissue damage occurs, inflammation is
initiated by guardian cells (mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells)
Inflammatory Response - ..........ANSWER.......1. Occurs in vascularized
tissues
2. Activation is rapid (within seconds) after damage occurs
3. Includes chemical, vascular and cellular components
4. Response is nonspecfic
-second line of defense
Protective functions of inflammation - ..........ANSWER.......1.
Prevention of infection and further damage caused by invading
microorganisms - exudates dilute toxins produced by bacteria and dying
cells
2. Preparation of injury for healing and repair- removal of bacteria,
micro-organisms, dead cells and debris
3. Facilitation of the development of adaptive immunity
Cellular components of the inflammatory response -
..........ANSWER.......1. Mast Cells
2. Granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
3. Macrophages
GNRS 610-ADVANCED PATHO-EXAM 2| 2025
AZUSA PACIFIC UNIVERSITY|ACTUAL
150Qs&As|GRADED A+
1. Describe the structure and function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) -
..........ANSWER.......- 4 compents of DNA: sugar, phosphate and
nucleotide bases
-Sugar-phosphate backbone
-Nitrogen bases are steps
- 2 DNA strands make a pain
-adenine-- thymine
-Guanine-- cytosine
Function of deoxyribnucleic acid (DNA) in molecular inheritance -
..........ANSWER.......
Transcription - ..........ANSWER.......-Process of making mRNA
RNA- single stranded, has uracil instead of thymine
-mRNA made from a piece of DNA
Translation - ..........ANSWER.......
,2|Page
Functions of the endocrine system - ..........ANSWER.......1.
differentiation of the reproductive and central nervous systems in the
developing fetus
2. stimulation of sequential growth and development during childhood
and adolescence
3. Coordination of the male and female reproductive systems
(reproduction)
4. maintenance of an optimal internal environment through life
5. Initiation of corrective and adaptive responses when emergency
demands occur
Innate Immunity - ..........ANSWER.......-Defense mechanisms that are
present at birth and provide the initial nonspecific response to invasion
and injury
-includes natural barriers (first line of defense) and inflammation
(second line of defense)
Adaptive immunity - ..........ANSWER.......-immunity that develops over
the lifetime of the individual and provides long-term protection against
specific invaders
-"memory"
-third line of defense
Protein components of ADAPTIVE immunity - ..........ANSWER.......1.
Antibodies
2. Humoral immunity
,3|Page
Cellular component of ADAPTIVE immunity - ..........ANSWER.......1.
T-cells
-T-cytotoxic (CD-8)
-T-helper (CD-4)
2. B-cells
-plasma cells
-memory cells
3. Memory cells
Physical and Mechanical Barriers - ..........ANSWER.......-Epithelial cells
of the skin
-linings of the GI, GU and respiratory tract (mucous membranes)
Biochemical Barriers - ..........ANSWER.......-synthesize and secreted
substances meant to trap or destroy microorganisms derived from the
epithelial cells
-Mucus, perspiration, saliva, tears and earwax
Normal flora - ..........ANSWER.......-Microorganisms that reside in or on
the body without causing disease
- Skin and gut flora
, 4|Page
Inflammation - ..........ANSWER.......- Activated by any injury to
vascularized tissues
-When pathogen invasion or tissue damage occurs, inflammation is
initiated by guardian cells (mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells)
Inflammatory Response - ..........ANSWER.......1. Occurs in vascularized
tissues
2. Activation is rapid (within seconds) after damage occurs
3. Includes chemical, vascular and cellular components
4. Response is nonspecfic
-second line of defense
Protective functions of inflammation - ..........ANSWER.......1.
Prevention of infection and further damage caused by invading
microorganisms - exudates dilute toxins produced by bacteria and dying
cells
2. Preparation of injury for healing and repair- removal of bacteria,
micro-organisms, dead cells and debris
3. Facilitation of the development of adaptive immunity
Cellular components of the inflammatory response -
..........ANSWER.......1. Mast Cells
2. Granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
3. Macrophages
