EDEXCEL GCSE (9-1)
PSYCHOLOGY- STUDIES
Piaget 7f& 7fInhelder 7f(1956) 7fAims 7f- 7f> 7fThe 7fextent 7fto 7fwhich 7fchildren 7fof 7fdifferent
7fages 7fwere 7fable 7fto 7ftake 7fthe 7fview 7fof 7fanother 7fperson
> 7fChildren's 7foverall 7fsystem 7fof 7fputting 7ftogether 7fa 7fnumber 7fof 7fdifferent 7fviews 7fof
7fwhat 7fthey 7fsee
Piaget 7f& 7fInhelder 7f(1956) 7fProcedure 7f- 7f> 7fIn 7ftotal 7f100 7fchildren 7fages 7f4-12 7fwere
7finvolved.
> 7fThey 7fmade 7fa 7fmodel 7fof 7fthree 7fmountains 7fand 7ftook 7ften 7fphotos 7ffrom 7fdifferent
7fpositions 7faround 7fthe 7fmodel.
> 7fChild 7fasked 7fto 7fuse 7fthe 7fcardboard 7fshapes 7fto 7fshow 7fhow 7fthe 7fmountains
7flooked 7ffrom 7fdifferent 7fviewpoints. 7f
> 7fChild 7fshown 7ften 7fphotos 7fand 7fasked 7fwhich 7fthe 7fdoll 7fcould 7fsee.
> 7fChild 7fchose 7fa 7fpicture 7fand 7fhad 7fto 7fposition 7fthe 7fdoll 7fso 7fthat 7fit 7fcould 7fsee 7fit.
Piaget 7f& 7fInhelder 7f(1956) 7fFindings 7f- 7f> 7fA 7fchild 7fin 7fthe 7fpre-operational 7fstage
7fchooses 7fpictures, 7fplaces 7fand 7fcardboard 7fto 7fshow 7ftheir 7fown 7fview. 7fA 7fchild
7fcannot 7fshow 7fthe 7fview 7fof 7fsomeone 7felse. 7f
> 7fA 7fchild 7fin 7fconcrete 7foperations 7f(7-9) 7fstarts 7fto 7funderstand 7fthat 7fsomeone 7fhas
7fa 7fdifferent 7fview. 7fA 7fchild 7f(9-10) 7fcan 7funderstand 7fthat 7fthe 7fdoll 7fhas 7fa 7fdifferent
7fview.
Piaget 7f& 7fInhelder 7f(1956) 7fConclusion 7f- 7f> 7fChildren 7fup 7fto 7f7 7fyears 7fold 7fare
7fegocentric 7falthough 7ftowards 7fthe 7fend 7fof 7fthe 7fpre-operational 7fstage 7fthey 7fbegin
7fto 7funderstand 7fviewpoint.
> 7fOlder 7fchildren 7fare 7fnon-egocentric. 7fThey 7fcan 7fconstruct 7fmental 7fimages 7fof
7fwhat 7fothers 7fcan 7fsee.
> 7fProvides 7fevidence 7ffor 7fthe 7fstages 7fof 7fdevelopment, 7fpre-operational 7fare
7fegocentric 7fwhereas 7fconcrete 7foperations 7fcan 7fcoordinate 7fdifferent 7fviewpoints.
Piaget 7f& 7fInhelder 7f(1956) 7fStrengths 7f- 7f> 7fProvided 7fgreat 7fdetail 7fabout 7fwhat 7fwas
7fdone 7fand 7fgave 7fqualitative 7fanalysis 7fabout 7findividual 7fchildren. 7fThis 7fmeant 7fthey
7fcould 7fshow 7feg 7fthat 7fas 7fa 7fchild 7fneared 7fthe 7fnext 7fstage 7fof 7fdevelopment, 7fthey
7fcould 7fachieve 7felements 7fof 7fthat 7fnext 7fstage.
> 7fUsed 7fexperimental 7fmethods 7fwhich 7fmeant 7fcareful 7fcontrols 7fwere 7fput 7fin 7fplace.
7fThis 7fallowed 7fcomparisons 7fbetween 7fthe 7fresults 7ffrom 7fdifferent 7fchildren.
, 7fRepeating 7fthe 7fstudy 7fand 7fusing 7fdifferent 7fviewpoints 7fmeant 7fthat 7fthere 7fwas
7freliability 7fin 7ftheir 7ffindings.
Piaget 7f& 7fInhelder 7f(1956) 7fWeaknesses 7f- 7f> 7fThe 7fresults 7fsuggest 7fthat 7fthe
7f'stages' 7fare 7fnot 7fdefinitive 7fenough 7feven 7fthough 7fPiaget 7facknowledged 7fa 7fperiod
7fof 7ftransition.
> 7fOther 7fstudies 7fwith 7fmore 7frealistic 7fscenarios 7fdid 7fnot 7fgive 7fthe 7fsame 7ffindings.
7fBorke 7f(1975) 7fused 7fa 7fsimilar 7fidea 7fbut 7fwith 7fa 7fcharacter 7ffrom 7fSesame 7fStreet
7fand 7flet 7fthe 7fchildren 7fuse 7fa 7fturntable. 7fShe 7ffound 7fthat 7f3 7fyear 7folds 7fcould
7fidentify 7fGrover's 7fpoint 7fof 7fview 7fmore 7fthan 7f79% 7fof 7fthe 7ftime. 7fShe 7fsuggested
7fthat 7fchildren 7funder 7f7 7fwere 7fnot 7fegocentric 7fbut 7fthat 7fthe 7ftask 7fwas 7ftoo 7fdifficult
7ffor 7fthem.
Gunderson 7fet 7fal. 7f(2013) 7fAims 7f- 7f> 7fChildren 7fare 7faffected 7fby 7fdifferent 7ftypes 7fof
7fpraise 7fgiven 7fin 7fa 7fnatural 7fsituation
> 7fParents 7fgive 7fgirls 7fmore 7fperson 7fpraise 7fthan 7fprocess 7fpraise
> 7fParents 7fuse 7fof 7fprocess 7fpraise 7faffects 7fa 7fchild's 7freasoning 7fand 7fmotivation
7ffive 7fyears 7fdown 7fthe 7fline.
Gunderson 7fet 7fal. 7f(2013) 7fProcedure 7f- 7fStudy 7ffollowed 7fa 7fgroup 7fof 7f29 7fboys 7f&
7f24 7fgirls 7fat 7f14 7fmonths, 7f28 7fmonths 7fand 7f36 7fmonths. 7fNo 7fone 7fknew 7fwhat 7fwas
7fbeing 7fstudied 7fwhen 7fthey 7fgot 7ffilmed 7facting 7f'naturally'. 7fAt 7f7-8 7fyears 7fold 7fthe
7fsame 7fchildren 7fanswered 7ftwo 7fquestionnaires 7fabout 7fwhat 7fthey 7fthought 7fled 7fto 7fa
7fpersons 7fintelligence 7fand 7fled 7fto 7ftheir 7fmorals.
Gunderson 7fet 7fal. 7f(2013) 7fFindings 7f- 7f> 7f3% 7fof 7fparental 7fcomments 7fto 7fchildren
7fwere 7fpraise.
> 7fProcess 7fpraise 7fwas 7f18%, 7fPerson 7fpraise 7fwas 7f16%.
> 7f24% 7fof 7fboys 7fpraise 7fwas 7fprocess 7fpraise 7fwhereas 7fwas 7fonly 7f10.3% 7ffor 7fgirls.
> 7fThe 7fmore 7fprocess 7fpraise 7fthere 7fis 7fin 7fearly 7fchildhood, 7fthe 7fmore 7flikely
7fchildren 7fwill 7fbelieve 7fthat 7fputting 7feffort 7fin 7fis 7fworthwhile.
Gunderson 7fet 7fal. 7f(2013) 7fConclusion 7f- 7f> 7fA 7fclear 7frelationship 7fwas 7ffound
7fbetween 7fparents 7fuse 7fof 7fprocess 7fpraise 7fand 7fa 7fchild's 7flater 7fuse 7fof 7fan
7fincremental 7fmotivational 7fframework 7f(ability 7fbeing 7fchangeable). 7f
> 7fOnly 7fpartially 7fsupported 7fbecause 7fit 7fdid 7fnot 7ffind 7fthe 7fperson 7fpraise 7fleads 7fto
7fan 7fentity 7fmotivational 7fframework 7f(ability 7fis 7ffixed)
> 7fGender 7fdifferences 7fin 7fpraise 7f(boys 7fmore 7fprocess)
> 7fBoys 7ftended 7fto 7fhave 7fmore 7fof 7fan 7fincremental 7fframework 7fthan 7fboys 7fmeaning
7fthat 7fgirls 7fattribute 7ffailure 7fto 7fability 7fmore 7fthan 7fboys 7fdo. 7fThis 7ffits 7fwith 7fthe
7fstudy 7ffindings.
PSYCHOLOGY- STUDIES
Piaget 7f& 7fInhelder 7f(1956) 7fAims 7f- 7f> 7fThe 7fextent 7fto 7fwhich 7fchildren 7fof 7fdifferent
7fages 7fwere 7fable 7fto 7ftake 7fthe 7fview 7fof 7fanother 7fperson
> 7fChildren's 7foverall 7fsystem 7fof 7fputting 7ftogether 7fa 7fnumber 7fof 7fdifferent 7fviews 7fof
7fwhat 7fthey 7fsee
Piaget 7f& 7fInhelder 7f(1956) 7fProcedure 7f- 7f> 7fIn 7ftotal 7f100 7fchildren 7fages 7f4-12 7fwere
7finvolved.
> 7fThey 7fmade 7fa 7fmodel 7fof 7fthree 7fmountains 7fand 7ftook 7ften 7fphotos 7ffrom 7fdifferent
7fpositions 7faround 7fthe 7fmodel.
> 7fChild 7fasked 7fto 7fuse 7fthe 7fcardboard 7fshapes 7fto 7fshow 7fhow 7fthe 7fmountains
7flooked 7ffrom 7fdifferent 7fviewpoints. 7f
> 7fChild 7fshown 7ften 7fphotos 7fand 7fasked 7fwhich 7fthe 7fdoll 7fcould 7fsee.
> 7fChild 7fchose 7fa 7fpicture 7fand 7fhad 7fto 7fposition 7fthe 7fdoll 7fso 7fthat 7fit 7fcould 7fsee 7fit.
Piaget 7f& 7fInhelder 7f(1956) 7fFindings 7f- 7f> 7fA 7fchild 7fin 7fthe 7fpre-operational 7fstage
7fchooses 7fpictures, 7fplaces 7fand 7fcardboard 7fto 7fshow 7ftheir 7fown 7fview. 7fA 7fchild
7fcannot 7fshow 7fthe 7fview 7fof 7fsomeone 7felse. 7f
> 7fA 7fchild 7fin 7fconcrete 7foperations 7f(7-9) 7fstarts 7fto 7funderstand 7fthat 7fsomeone 7fhas
7fa 7fdifferent 7fview. 7fA 7fchild 7f(9-10) 7fcan 7funderstand 7fthat 7fthe 7fdoll 7fhas 7fa 7fdifferent
7fview.
Piaget 7f& 7fInhelder 7f(1956) 7fConclusion 7f- 7f> 7fChildren 7fup 7fto 7f7 7fyears 7fold 7fare
7fegocentric 7falthough 7ftowards 7fthe 7fend 7fof 7fthe 7fpre-operational 7fstage 7fthey 7fbegin
7fto 7funderstand 7fviewpoint.
> 7fOlder 7fchildren 7fare 7fnon-egocentric. 7fThey 7fcan 7fconstruct 7fmental 7fimages 7fof
7fwhat 7fothers 7fcan 7fsee.
> 7fProvides 7fevidence 7ffor 7fthe 7fstages 7fof 7fdevelopment, 7fpre-operational 7fare
7fegocentric 7fwhereas 7fconcrete 7foperations 7fcan 7fcoordinate 7fdifferent 7fviewpoints.
Piaget 7f& 7fInhelder 7f(1956) 7fStrengths 7f- 7f> 7fProvided 7fgreat 7fdetail 7fabout 7fwhat 7fwas
7fdone 7fand 7fgave 7fqualitative 7fanalysis 7fabout 7findividual 7fchildren. 7fThis 7fmeant 7fthey
7fcould 7fshow 7feg 7fthat 7fas 7fa 7fchild 7fneared 7fthe 7fnext 7fstage 7fof 7fdevelopment, 7fthey
7fcould 7fachieve 7felements 7fof 7fthat 7fnext 7fstage.
> 7fUsed 7fexperimental 7fmethods 7fwhich 7fmeant 7fcareful 7fcontrols 7fwere 7fput 7fin 7fplace.
7fThis 7fallowed 7fcomparisons 7fbetween 7fthe 7fresults 7ffrom 7fdifferent 7fchildren.
, 7fRepeating 7fthe 7fstudy 7fand 7fusing 7fdifferent 7fviewpoints 7fmeant 7fthat 7fthere 7fwas
7freliability 7fin 7ftheir 7ffindings.
Piaget 7f& 7fInhelder 7f(1956) 7fWeaknesses 7f- 7f> 7fThe 7fresults 7fsuggest 7fthat 7fthe
7f'stages' 7fare 7fnot 7fdefinitive 7fenough 7feven 7fthough 7fPiaget 7facknowledged 7fa 7fperiod
7fof 7ftransition.
> 7fOther 7fstudies 7fwith 7fmore 7frealistic 7fscenarios 7fdid 7fnot 7fgive 7fthe 7fsame 7ffindings.
7fBorke 7f(1975) 7fused 7fa 7fsimilar 7fidea 7fbut 7fwith 7fa 7fcharacter 7ffrom 7fSesame 7fStreet
7fand 7flet 7fthe 7fchildren 7fuse 7fa 7fturntable. 7fShe 7ffound 7fthat 7f3 7fyear 7folds 7fcould
7fidentify 7fGrover's 7fpoint 7fof 7fview 7fmore 7fthan 7f79% 7fof 7fthe 7ftime. 7fShe 7fsuggested
7fthat 7fchildren 7funder 7f7 7fwere 7fnot 7fegocentric 7fbut 7fthat 7fthe 7ftask 7fwas 7ftoo 7fdifficult
7ffor 7fthem.
Gunderson 7fet 7fal. 7f(2013) 7fAims 7f- 7f> 7fChildren 7fare 7faffected 7fby 7fdifferent 7ftypes 7fof
7fpraise 7fgiven 7fin 7fa 7fnatural 7fsituation
> 7fParents 7fgive 7fgirls 7fmore 7fperson 7fpraise 7fthan 7fprocess 7fpraise
> 7fParents 7fuse 7fof 7fprocess 7fpraise 7faffects 7fa 7fchild's 7freasoning 7fand 7fmotivation
7ffive 7fyears 7fdown 7fthe 7fline.
Gunderson 7fet 7fal. 7f(2013) 7fProcedure 7f- 7fStudy 7ffollowed 7fa 7fgroup 7fof 7f29 7fboys 7f&
7f24 7fgirls 7fat 7f14 7fmonths, 7f28 7fmonths 7fand 7f36 7fmonths. 7fNo 7fone 7fknew 7fwhat 7fwas
7fbeing 7fstudied 7fwhen 7fthey 7fgot 7ffilmed 7facting 7f'naturally'. 7fAt 7f7-8 7fyears 7fold 7fthe
7fsame 7fchildren 7fanswered 7ftwo 7fquestionnaires 7fabout 7fwhat 7fthey 7fthought 7fled 7fto 7fa
7fpersons 7fintelligence 7fand 7fled 7fto 7ftheir 7fmorals.
Gunderson 7fet 7fal. 7f(2013) 7fFindings 7f- 7f> 7f3% 7fof 7fparental 7fcomments 7fto 7fchildren
7fwere 7fpraise.
> 7fProcess 7fpraise 7fwas 7f18%, 7fPerson 7fpraise 7fwas 7f16%.
> 7f24% 7fof 7fboys 7fpraise 7fwas 7fprocess 7fpraise 7fwhereas 7fwas 7fonly 7f10.3% 7ffor 7fgirls.
> 7fThe 7fmore 7fprocess 7fpraise 7fthere 7fis 7fin 7fearly 7fchildhood, 7fthe 7fmore 7flikely
7fchildren 7fwill 7fbelieve 7fthat 7fputting 7feffort 7fin 7fis 7fworthwhile.
Gunderson 7fet 7fal. 7f(2013) 7fConclusion 7f- 7f> 7fA 7fclear 7frelationship 7fwas 7ffound
7fbetween 7fparents 7fuse 7fof 7fprocess 7fpraise 7fand 7fa 7fchild's 7flater 7fuse 7fof 7fan
7fincremental 7fmotivational 7fframework 7f(ability 7fbeing 7fchangeable). 7f
> 7fOnly 7fpartially 7fsupported 7fbecause 7fit 7fdid 7fnot 7ffind 7fthe 7fperson 7fpraise 7fleads 7fto
7fan 7fentity 7fmotivational 7fframework 7f(ability 7fis 7ffixed)
> 7fGender 7fdifferences 7fin 7fpraise 7f(boys 7fmore 7fprocess)
> 7fBoys 7ftended 7fto 7fhave 7fmore 7fof 7fan 7fincremental 7fframework 7fthan 7fboys 7fmeaning
7fthat 7fgirls 7fattribute 7ffailure 7fto 7fability 7fmore 7fthan 7fboys 7fdo. 7fThis 7ffits 7fwith 7fthe
7fstudy 7ffindings.
