MMBIO 220 Robinson, test 2 BYU; test two stuff Questions With Complete Solutions

1. agents used for Gaseous microbial control - ANSWER Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and beta-propiolactone all used in closed chambers to sterilize items 2. Products containing antibacterial chemicals do not_________________ - ANSWER do not promote the development of antibiotic resistant microbes 3. Best agents for antimicrobial handwash - ANSWER 4% chlorhexidine 4. best agent for Countertop Disinfection - ANSWER 70-80% ethanol 5. best agent for Large Area disinfection - ANSWER substituted phenols 6. best agent for Semicritical instrument disinfection - ANSWER steriplex Hc (paa+ others) 7. best agent for Sterilization of plastics - ANSWER Gamma irradiation 8. best agent for Sterilization of scopes - ANSWER H2O2 gas plasma 9. Chemotherapeutic agents - ANSWER drugs that act against diseases 10. Antimicrobial agents - ANSWER drugs that treat infections 11. antibiotics - ANSWER antimicrobial agents produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other microbes 12. Paul Ehrlich - ANSWER "magic bullets", used an arsenic compound to treat syphilis 13. Alexander Fleming - ANSWER Penicillin! from Penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of staphylococci growing on a plate 14. Gerhard Domagk - ANSWER Sulfanilamide first antimicrobial agent used to treat wide array or infections. Semisynthetics and synthetics 15. Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis - ANSWER Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin and penems 16. antiboitics that inhibit protien synthesis - ANSWER act on ribosomes; Erythromycin, clindamysin chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides 17. antibiotics that inhibit Nucleic acid metabolism - ANSWER quinolones, rifampin, sulfa drugs 18. Alter cell membrane perpeability - ANSWER Nysatin, amphotericin b, polymyxins, 19. Cell wall synthesis - ANSWER Cycloserine Vancomycin Bacitracin Penicillins Cephalosporins Monobactams Carbapenems 20. Folic acid Metabolism - ANSWER Trimehtroprim Sulfonamides 21. Cytoplasmic membrane structure - ANSWER Polymyxins Daptomycin 22. Protein synthesis (trna) - ANSWER Mupirocin 23. Puromycin 24. DNA-Directed RNA polymerase - ANSWER Rifampin Streptovaricins 25. Protien Synthesis 50S - ANSWER Erythromycin Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Lincomycin 26. Protein synthesis 30 S - ANSWER Tetracyclines Spectrinomycin Streptomycin Gentamicin Kanamycin Amikacin Nitrofurans 27. Another name for epidermal dendritic cells - ANSWER Langerhan's cells; Eat pathogens! 28. What does lysozome do to bacteria on the skin - ANSWER it destroys the cell wall of the bacteria 29. serum - ANSWER plasma without clotting factors; 30. cells or cell fragments in plasma are called - ANSWER Formed elements 31. Macrophages in the central nervous system - ANSWER Microglial cells 32. Macrophages in the kidneys - ANSWER Mesangial cells 33. macrophages in the liver - ANSWER Kupffer cells 34. Macrophages all start as - ANSWER Monocytes (a type of Agranulocyte/lymphocyte in the blood) 35. Alveolar macs - ANSWER wandering macrophages 36. Ultrahigh-temp sterilization - ANSWER 140 C for 1-3 sec Dry heat time/temp - ANSWER 160 C 2 hrs, or 171 C for 1 hr 37. Chemical methods of microbial control are most effective on_________________ - ANSWER eveloped viruses, vegetative cells of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa 38. Major categories of chemical methods of microbial control - ANSWER alchohols, phenols, halogens, oxidizing agents, surfactants, heavy metals, aldehydes, gaseous agents, antimicrobiotics 39. Phenols and PHenolics - ANSWER intermediate-low level disinfectants that denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes effective in presence of organic matter and remain active for prolonged time, commonly used in health care settings but stink and have possible side effects 40. Alchohols - ANSWER intermediate level disinfectants that denature proteins and disrupt cytoplasmic membranes evaporate fast--> good/bad swab with 70% ethanol prior to injection 41. Alcohols are good surface disinfectants because they are____________ - ANSWER resistant to inactivation by organic compounds 42. Halogens - ANSWER Intermediate level Damage enzymes by oxidation or denaturing 43. Examples of halogens - ANSWER Iodine tablets, idophores (betadine), chlorine treatment of drinking water, bleach, chloramines in wound dressings, and bromine disinfection of hot tubs 44. Peracetic acid - ANSWER Effective sporicide used to sterilize equipment. Oxidizing agent! 45. Oxidizing agents - ANSWER high level disinfectants and antiseptics. 46. Oxidizing agents examples - ANSWER Peroxides, ozone, and peracetic acid kill by oxidation of microbial enzymes 47. Hydrogen peroxide - ANSWER disinfects and sterilizes surfaces of objects; it isn't useful for treating open wounds because of the catalase reaction that neutralizes the hydrogen peroxide 48. Surfactants - ANSWER "surface action!"; reduce surface tension of solvents to make them more effective at dissolving solutes. 49. Soaps and detergents - ANSWER Soaps have hydrophilic and phobic ends and are good degerming agents, but not anitmicrobial. Detergents are positively charged surfactants 50. Quats - ANSWER Colorless, tasteless, harmless to humans, and antimicrobial; ideal for many medical, food and industrial application -low level disinfectants TYPE OF SURFACTANT =) 51. Heavy Metals - ANSWER Low level bacteriostatic and fungistatic agents Ions are antimicrobial because they alter the 3D shape of proteins, and inhibit or eliminate their function 52. 1% silver nitrate - ANSWER Heavy Metal silver nitrate use to prevent blindness caused by N Gonorrhoeae 53. Thimerosal - ANSWER used to preserve vaccines; heavy metal 54. Copper - ANSWER controls algal growth by interfering with chlorophyll; heavy metal 55. Aldehydes - ANSWER Compounds containing terminal -CHO groups. Cross linked with amino, hydroxyl,sulfhydryl, and carboxyl groups to denature protiens and inactivate nucleic acids 56. Glutaraldehyde - ANSWER Aldehyde that both disinfects and sterilizes 57. Formalin - ANSWER Aldehyde used in embalming and disinfection of rooms and instruments 58. Gaseous Agents - ANSWER denatures proteins and DNA by cross linking functional groups Used in hospitals and dental offices but can be hazardous; explosive, extremely poisonous, carcinogenic!!! 59. Sterilization - ANSWER The complete absence of life 60. Disinfection - ANSWER Destruction of vegetative pathogens; usually on inanimate objects