NAVLE
SUPER-BOARD
STUDY GUIDE
, NAVLE Super Board Review
Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Clinical Pathology and Hepatology . . . . . . . 7
Hypersensitivities . . . . . . . . . . 9
Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Respiratory . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Hepatology . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Tick Borne Diseases . . . . . . . . . 20
Fungal Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 21
Parasitology . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Renal . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Urolithiasis . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Ringworm . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Leptospira Interogans Serovar . . . . . . . . 34
Clostridial Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 35
Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Orthopedics . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Ophthalmology . . . . . . . . . . 41
Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Food Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . 45
Rabies . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Sensitivity and Specificity . . . . . . . . . 47
Camelid Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 47
Fish Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Primate Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 49
Small Rodent diseases . . . . . . . . . 49
Ferret Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 54
Reptile Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 55
Exotic Bird Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 57
Chicken Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 61
Turkey Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 65
Porcine Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 55
Goat and Sheep Diseases . . . . . . . . . 72
Ruminant Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 77
Bovine Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 79
Feline Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 91
Canine Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 99
Canine and Feline Diseases . . . . . . . . 110
Equine Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 118
,- Xylitol
o Problem in Dogs.
o Rapid release of insulin – monitor for hypoglycemia due to rapid release of insulin.
▪ Vomiting/ weakness/ ataxia/ depression/ hypokalemia seizures and coma
▪ Why hypokalemia in – storage?
o Less commonly hepatic failure (liver issues)
o Treatment: Begin fluids containing dextrose (run baseline glucose/run liver values/ coags as
well); hepatoprotectants if necessary (SAM – E).
- Bleach
o Dilute stomach with milk, DO NOT induce emesis because can cause further damage.
o Treatment: GI protectants.
- Black widow spiders
o Specie: Latrodectus mactans and Latrodectus hesperus
o Acetylcholine is the toxin, binds calcium channels – leading to ascending motor paralysis and
destruction of peripheral nerves.
o Recumbent, vocalizing, pain, rigidity with muscle spasms – death from respiratory and
cardiovascular failure.
- Rodenticides
o Warfarin = anticoagulant – interferes with II, VII, IX, and X
▪ Prothrombin time (PT) will be prolonged soonest after ingestion – because VII has
shortest half-life and is part of extrinsic system.
▪ Treatment: Give Vitamin K1, if chronic give plasma as well
o Brodifacoum = D-con – vitamin K antagonist, epoxide reductase (loss of Vitamin K –
interferes with II, VII, IX, and X)
▪ Monitor prothrombin time (PT)
▪ Treatment: Vitamin K1
o Cholecalciferol = gets converted to active Vitamin D and cause increased resorption of
calcium and gut absorption of calcium leading to sometimes fatal hypercalcemia.
▪ Chem: Ca, P → metastatic mineralization of soft tissue
• Renal, Cardiac and GI damage
▪ Treatment: Diuresis, pred, bisphosphonates, salmon calcitonin
o Bromethalin
▪ CNS toxin (uncouples oxidative phosphorylation)
▪ Grave prognosis once symptomatic
▪ Treatment: give MANNITOL, IV lipids to bind in blood
- Ethylene glycol
o High anion gap, azotemia, calcium oxalate crystalluria, metabolic acidosis,
hyperglycemia, and either polyuria or oliguria (anuria in worst case), hypocalcemia
(from chelation of Ca by EG metabolites); Ataxia and nausea; at 24-72 hours show signs
of renal failure.
o Treatment: aimed at alcohol dehydrogenase – give 4- methylpyrazole (4-MP) or ethanol
▪ Ethanol competes with this enzyme when given soon after exposure.
▪ 4-MP better than ethanol because doesn’t cause hyperosmolality, metabolic acidosis,
CNS depression
▪ 4-MP – does not work in CATS
1
, - Organophosphate
o Inhibit acetylcholinesterase causing muscarinic signs such as hypersalivation, incoordination,
and bloat.
o Treatment = atropine or 2-PAM (pralidoxime – anticholinesterase)
- Fleet enemas
o High in phosphorus – leads to decrease in serum calcium due to law of mass action.
▪ Hypernatremia ( Na) and hyperphosphatemia ( P) – due to absorption from the
colon
▪ Hypocalcemia ( Ca) leads to weakness, shock, tremors, and seizures.
o Treatment: Give calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders; with severe cases of hyperkalemia
give insulin and dextrose.
- Strychnine (Snail bait)
o Competitively antagonizes action of glycine – loss of impulse contractility in the spinal cord
and brainstem.
o Affects striated muscle → Tremors
o Treatment: Give methocarbamol (for convulsions), prevent or decrease stimulation.
- Chocolate = methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine)
o CNS excitation, tachycardia, vasoconstriction
o Highest concentration of toxin in unsweetened baking chocolate
- Pyrethrins = Toxic to CATS
o Alters activity of sodium ion channels → increase length of depolarization.
o Depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors
o Treatment: treat with methocarbamol, bathe to remove product
- Acetaminophen = Toxic to CATS
o Cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase → leads to methemoglobinemia (dark
brown blood – due to oxidative damage to hemoglobin), may also see Heinz bodies
o Treatment: N-acetylcysteine
- Heinz Body Anemia
o Methylene blue, molybdenum deficiency, rye grass, brassica family
o Zinc – from pennies minted after 1983
o Onions – can cause hemolytic anemia
▪ HEMOGLOBINURIA and hemoglobinemia – Heinz body anemia due to oxidative
damage to RBCs
o Red maple leaves = Acer rubrum – HORSES – see icterus (due to low oxygen content of
blood), colic
- Renal Failure
o Grapes and raisins – unknown mechanism
o Lilies – ACUTE RENAL FAILURE in cats – toxic ones = Stargazer lily (Lillium family)
▪ Peace – calcium oxalate
▪ Lily of the Valley – cardiotoxin
▪ Day Lilly – Renal toxicity
▪ Easter Lilly – Renal toxicity.
▪ Cala Lilly – calcium oxalates
▪ Tiger Lilly – renal toxin
2
SUPER-BOARD
STUDY GUIDE
, NAVLE Super Board Review
Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Clinical Pathology and Hepatology . . . . . . . 7
Hypersensitivities . . . . . . . . . . 9
Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Respiratory . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Hepatology . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Tick Borne Diseases . . . . . . . . . 20
Fungal Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 21
Parasitology . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Renal . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Urolithiasis . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Ringworm . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Leptospira Interogans Serovar . . . . . . . . 34
Clostridial Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 35
Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Orthopedics . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Ophthalmology . . . . . . . . . . 41
Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Food Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . 45
Rabies . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Sensitivity and Specificity . . . . . . . . . 47
Camelid Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 47
Fish Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Primate Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 49
Small Rodent diseases . . . . . . . . . 49
Ferret Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 54
Reptile Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 55
Exotic Bird Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 57
Chicken Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 61
Turkey Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 65
Porcine Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 55
Goat and Sheep Diseases . . . . . . . . . 72
Ruminant Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 77
Bovine Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 79
Feline Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 91
Canine Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 99
Canine and Feline Diseases . . . . . . . . 110
Equine Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 118
,- Xylitol
o Problem in Dogs.
o Rapid release of insulin – monitor for hypoglycemia due to rapid release of insulin.
▪ Vomiting/ weakness/ ataxia/ depression/ hypokalemia seizures and coma
▪ Why hypokalemia in – storage?
o Less commonly hepatic failure (liver issues)
o Treatment: Begin fluids containing dextrose (run baseline glucose/run liver values/ coags as
well); hepatoprotectants if necessary (SAM – E).
- Bleach
o Dilute stomach with milk, DO NOT induce emesis because can cause further damage.
o Treatment: GI protectants.
- Black widow spiders
o Specie: Latrodectus mactans and Latrodectus hesperus
o Acetylcholine is the toxin, binds calcium channels – leading to ascending motor paralysis and
destruction of peripheral nerves.
o Recumbent, vocalizing, pain, rigidity with muscle spasms – death from respiratory and
cardiovascular failure.
- Rodenticides
o Warfarin = anticoagulant – interferes with II, VII, IX, and X
▪ Prothrombin time (PT) will be prolonged soonest after ingestion – because VII has
shortest half-life and is part of extrinsic system.
▪ Treatment: Give Vitamin K1, if chronic give plasma as well
o Brodifacoum = D-con – vitamin K antagonist, epoxide reductase (loss of Vitamin K –
interferes with II, VII, IX, and X)
▪ Monitor prothrombin time (PT)
▪ Treatment: Vitamin K1
o Cholecalciferol = gets converted to active Vitamin D and cause increased resorption of
calcium and gut absorption of calcium leading to sometimes fatal hypercalcemia.
▪ Chem: Ca, P → metastatic mineralization of soft tissue
• Renal, Cardiac and GI damage
▪ Treatment: Diuresis, pred, bisphosphonates, salmon calcitonin
o Bromethalin
▪ CNS toxin (uncouples oxidative phosphorylation)
▪ Grave prognosis once symptomatic
▪ Treatment: give MANNITOL, IV lipids to bind in blood
- Ethylene glycol
o High anion gap, azotemia, calcium oxalate crystalluria, metabolic acidosis,
hyperglycemia, and either polyuria or oliguria (anuria in worst case), hypocalcemia
(from chelation of Ca by EG metabolites); Ataxia and nausea; at 24-72 hours show signs
of renal failure.
o Treatment: aimed at alcohol dehydrogenase – give 4- methylpyrazole (4-MP) or ethanol
▪ Ethanol competes with this enzyme when given soon after exposure.
▪ 4-MP better than ethanol because doesn’t cause hyperosmolality, metabolic acidosis,
CNS depression
▪ 4-MP – does not work in CATS
1
, - Organophosphate
o Inhibit acetylcholinesterase causing muscarinic signs such as hypersalivation, incoordination,
and bloat.
o Treatment = atropine or 2-PAM (pralidoxime – anticholinesterase)
- Fleet enemas
o High in phosphorus – leads to decrease in serum calcium due to law of mass action.
▪ Hypernatremia ( Na) and hyperphosphatemia ( P) – due to absorption from the
colon
▪ Hypocalcemia ( Ca) leads to weakness, shock, tremors, and seizures.
o Treatment: Give calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders; with severe cases of hyperkalemia
give insulin and dextrose.
- Strychnine (Snail bait)
o Competitively antagonizes action of glycine – loss of impulse contractility in the spinal cord
and brainstem.
o Affects striated muscle → Tremors
o Treatment: Give methocarbamol (for convulsions), prevent or decrease stimulation.
- Chocolate = methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine)
o CNS excitation, tachycardia, vasoconstriction
o Highest concentration of toxin in unsweetened baking chocolate
- Pyrethrins = Toxic to CATS
o Alters activity of sodium ion channels → increase length of depolarization.
o Depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors
o Treatment: treat with methocarbamol, bathe to remove product
- Acetaminophen = Toxic to CATS
o Cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase → leads to methemoglobinemia (dark
brown blood – due to oxidative damage to hemoglobin), may also see Heinz bodies
o Treatment: N-acetylcysteine
- Heinz Body Anemia
o Methylene blue, molybdenum deficiency, rye grass, brassica family
o Zinc – from pennies minted after 1983
o Onions – can cause hemolytic anemia
▪ HEMOGLOBINURIA and hemoglobinemia – Heinz body anemia due to oxidative
damage to RBCs
o Red maple leaves = Acer rubrum – HORSES – see icterus (due to low oxygen content of
blood), colic
- Renal Failure
o Grapes and raisins – unknown mechanism
o Lilies – ACUTE RENAL FAILURE in cats – toxic ones = Stargazer lily (Lillium family)
▪ Peace – calcium oxalate
▪ Lily of the Valley – cardiotoxin
▪ Day Lilly – Renal toxicity
▪ Easter Lilly – Renal toxicity.
▪ Cala Lilly – calcium oxalates
▪ Tiger Lilly – renal toxin
2
