PSYC 230 Exam 3 UPDATED Questions
and CORRECT Answers
What does the extinction process in classical conditioning involve (i.e., what happens during
extinction in classical conditioning)? - CORRECT ANSWER -In classical conditioning,
extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is applied repeatedly without being paired with
the unconditioned stimulus. Over time, the learned behavior occurs less often and eventually
stops altogether, and conditioned stimulus returns to neural.
How do exposure therapies work? How do they relate to classical conditioning? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Exposure therapies are often used for anxiety disorders and phobias. The
person is exposed to what they fear. Over time they're conditioned to no longer fear it. Aversion
therapy aims to stop a harmful behavior by replacing a positive response with a negative
response.
How does systematic desensitization apply principles of classical conditioning? - CORRECT
ANSWER -is a type of behavioral therapy based on the principle of classical conditioning.
It was developed by Wolpe during the 1950s. This therapy aims to remove the fear response of a
phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter-
conditioning.
What is the typical procedure for systematic desensitization (including 3 steps) - CORRECT
ANSWER -1) training and induction of progressive muscle relaxation, (2) formation of a
fear producing hierarchy, and (3) structured, graduated pairing of the items in the hierarchy
without the individual experiencing fear
Define counterconditioning and aversive counterconditioning - CORRECT ANSWER -
Aversive conditioning uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior.
counterconditioning in order to replace an undesirable response (such as fear) to a stimulus (such
as an engagement in public speaking) by a favorable one.
Why is avoidance an important consideration in systematic desensitization and other related
interventions - CORRECT ANSWER -Avoidance is our way of maintaining homeostasis.
Intentional avoidance gets in the way of natural fear reduction because you miss learning
opportunities for reduction in response, and therefore the fear association is reinforced.
, How can classical conditioning be used to establish better sleep routines? - CORRECT
ANSWER -
What are some individual differences related to whether or not someone develops a debilitating
fear response after being exposed to a fear-inducing stimulus? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Reactivity baselines, neural activity and previous activity
Define operant conditioning as a form of associative learning - CORRECT ANSWER -
learning results from relation between behaviors and its consequences
Thorndike and the Law of Effect - CORRECT ANSWER -those behavioral responses (R)
that were most closely followed by a satisfactory result were most likely to become established
patterns and to reoccur in response to the same stimulus (S).
Gunthrie and Horton and the Stop-Action Principle - CORRECT ANSWER -states that
because of this strengthening process, the specific bodily position and the muscle movements
occurring at the moment of reinforcement will have a higher probability of occurring on the next
trial. If the cat repeats this bodily position and movements on the next trial, this will produce a
second reinforcer, thereby further strengthening that S-R association even more.
Skinner and behaviorist language of reinforcement and reinforcer - CORRECT
ANSWER -
How are discrete trial procedures carried out and what can be measured when they're used? -
CORRECT ANSWER -involves using a basic process to teach a new skill or behaviour
and repeating it until children learn.
How are free-operant trial procedures carried out and what can be measured when they're used? -
CORRECT ANSWER -an experimental arrangement in which the organism could move
about freely, without constraint. ... In a broader sense, it describes behavior controlled by its
consequences, that is, operant behavior.
and CORRECT Answers
What does the extinction process in classical conditioning involve (i.e., what happens during
extinction in classical conditioning)? - CORRECT ANSWER -In classical conditioning,
extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is applied repeatedly without being paired with
the unconditioned stimulus. Over time, the learned behavior occurs less often and eventually
stops altogether, and conditioned stimulus returns to neural.
How do exposure therapies work? How do they relate to classical conditioning? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Exposure therapies are often used for anxiety disorders and phobias. The
person is exposed to what they fear. Over time they're conditioned to no longer fear it. Aversion
therapy aims to stop a harmful behavior by replacing a positive response with a negative
response.
How does systematic desensitization apply principles of classical conditioning? - CORRECT
ANSWER -is a type of behavioral therapy based on the principle of classical conditioning.
It was developed by Wolpe during the 1950s. This therapy aims to remove the fear response of a
phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter-
conditioning.
What is the typical procedure for systematic desensitization (including 3 steps) - CORRECT
ANSWER -1) training and induction of progressive muscle relaxation, (2) formation of a
fear producing hierarchy, and (3) structured, graduated pairing of the items in the hierarchy
without the individual experiencing fear
Define counterconditioning and aversive counterconditioning - CORRECT ANSWER -
Aversive conditioning uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior.
counterconditioning in order to replace an undesirable response (such as fear) to a stimulus (such
as an engagement in public speaking) by a favorable one.
Why is avoidance an important consideration in systematic desensitization and other related
interventions - CORRECT ANSWER -Avoidance is our way of maintaining homeostasis.
Intentional avoidance gets in the way of natural fear reduction because you miss learning
opportunities for reduction in response, and therefore the fear association is reinforced.
, How can classical conditioning be used to establish better sleep routines? - CORRECT
ANSWER -
What are some individual differences related to whether or not someone develops a debilitating
fear response after being exposed to a fear-inducing stimulus? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Reactivity baselines, neural activity and previous activity
Define operant conditioning as a form of associative learning - CORRECT ANSWER -
learning results from relation between behaviors and its consequences
Thorndike and the Law of Effect - CORRECT ANSWER -those behavioral responses (R)
that were most closely followed by a satisfactory result were most likely to become established
patterns and to reoccur in response to the same stimulus (S).
Gunthrie and Horton and the Stop-Action Principle - CORRECT ANSWER -states that
because of this strengthening process, the specific bodily position and the muscle movements
occurring at the moment of reinforcement will have a higher probability of occurring on the next
trial. If the cat repeats this bodily position and movements on the next trial, this will produce a
second reinforcer, thereby further strengthening that S-R association even more.
Skinner and behaviorist language of reinforcement and reinforcer - CORRECT
ANSWER -
How are discrete trial procedures carried out and what can be measured when they're used? -
CORRECT ANSWER -involves using a basic process to teach a new skill or behaviour
and repeating it until children learn.
How are free-operant trial procedures carried out and what can be measured when they're used? -
CORRECT ANSWER -an experimental arrangement in which the organism could move
about freely, without constraint. ... In a broader sense, it describes behavior controlled by its
consequences, that is, operant behavior.
