NUR 256 - Exam 1, NUR 256 final, RN quiz 4 EARS/EYES UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Ventilation mechanical movement of air in and out of the lungs
The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the
Perfusion
body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
Respiration exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Chronic inflammatory disease of the airway that has recurring episodes of airway
Asthma
obstruction
Asthma Pathophysiology Narrowing or closure of the airway due to a variety of stimulants
Initiated by a type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction induced by exposure to
atopic asthma
an extrinsic antigen; most common type
occurs without allergic component and can be stimulated by infection, exercise,
nonatopic asthma
cold air, emotional upset, pollutants, etc.
Ag cross links IgE on surface of mast cells
Surface mast cells secrete mediators that open epithelial tight junctions
Ag penetrates epithelium to cross link IgE on deep mast cells
Atopic asthma: early phase
Deep mast cells secrete mediators that cause:
-increased vascular permeability --> edema
-increased mucus production
-bronchospasm (vagal)
-recruitment of more cells
, More mediator release:
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells
Epithellial cells
Atopic asthma: late phase Accumulating eosinophils release
-Proteins toxic to epithelial cells
-Mediators --> activate mast cells --> more mediators
BOTTOM LINE: eosinophils play major role in amplifying/sustaining inflammatory
response w/o additional Ag exposure
-Allergens
-Respiratory tract infection
-Exercise
-Inhaled irritants
Asthma triggers -Emotional upsets
-environment
-respiratory infections (viral mainly)
-exercising (loss of heat or water)
-NSAIDS, ASA, Beta blockers, sulfites
Asthma Diagnosis chest x-ray during attack, sputum analysis, skin test for allergy
coughing, wheezing, SOB, tachycardia, hypoxia, and Respiratory alkalosis or acidosis
asthma signs and symptoms
(hyperventilation or hypoventiation respectively)
Genetics
Immune response
Allergens
Exercise
Air pollutants
Nose/Sinus problems
GERD
Asthma risk factors
Respiratory infections
Influenza
Rhinovirus
Drugs/Food additives
NSAIDS, ASA
β-blockers
Psychologic factors
ASTHMA
Adrenergics: Albuterol and other bronchodilators
Steroids
Asthma Management Theophylline
Hydration: intravenous fluids
Mask: oxygen therapy
Antibiotics (for associated respiratory infections)
decreasing risk factors such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, chemical irritants
Asthma Patient Education
including perfume, # of lower respiratory infections
-Chronic bronchitis is a clinical diagnosis: chronic cough productive of sputum for at
least 3 months per year for at least 2 consecutive years.
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
-Emphysema is a pathologic diagnosis: permanent enlargement of air spaces distal
to terminal bronchioles due to destruction of alveolar walls
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Ventilation mechanical movement of air in and out of the lungs
The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the
Perfusion
body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
Respiration exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Chronic inflammatory disease of the airway that has recurring episodes of airway
Asthma
obstruction
Asthma Pathophysiology Narrowing or closure of the airway due to a variety of stimulants
Initiated by a type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction induced by exposure to
atopic asthma
an extrinsic antigen; most common type
occurs without allergic component and can be stimulated by infection, exercise,
nonatopic asthma
cold air, emotional upset, pollutants, etc.
Ag cross links IgE on surface of mast cells
Surface mast cells secrete mediators that open epithelial tight junctions
Ag penetrates epithelium to cross link IgE on deep mast cells
Atopic asthma: early phase
Deep mast cells secrete mediators that cause:
-increased vascular permeability --> edema
-increased mucus production
-bronchospasm (vagal)
-recruitment of more cells
, More mediator release:
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells
Epithellial cells
Atopic asthma: late phase Accumulating eosinophils release
-Proteins toxic to epithelial cells
-Mediators --> activate mast cells --> more mediators
BOTTOM LINE: eosinophils play major role in amplifying/sustaining inflammatory
response w/o additional Ag exposure
-Allergens
-Respiratory tract infection
-Exercise
-Inhaled irritants
Asthma triggers -Emotional upsets
-environment
-respiratory infections (viral mainly)
-exercising (loss of heat or water)
-NSAIDS, ASA, Beta blockers, sulfites
Asthma Diagnosis chest x-ray during attack, sputum analysis, skin test for allergy
coughing, wheezing, SOB, tachycardia, hypoxia, and Respiratory alkalosis or acidosis
asthma signs and symptoms
(hyperventilation or hypoventiation respectively)
Genetics
Immune response
Allergens
Exercise
Air pollutants
Nose/Sinus problems
GERD
Asthma risk factors
Respiratory infections
Influenza
Rhinovirus
Drugs/Food additives
NSAIDS, ASA
β-blockers
Psychologic factors
ASTHMA
Adrenergics: Albuterol and other bronchodilators
Steroids
Asthma Management Theophylline
Hydration: intravenous fluids
Mask: oxygen therapy
Antibiotics (for associated respiratory infections)
decreasing risk factors such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, chemical irritants
Asthma Patient Education
including perfume, # of lower respiratory infections
-Chronic bronchitis is a clinical diagnosis: chronic cough productive of sputum for at
least 3 months per year for at least 2 consecutive years.
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
-Emphysema is a pathologic diagnosis: permanent enlargement of air spaces distal
to terminal bronchioles due to destruction of alveolar walls
