Page 1 of 217
NRNP 6550 FINAL EXAM (WALDEN) NEWEST 2025
TEST BANK| NRNP 6550 FINAL EXAM REVIEW WITH
COMPLETE 500 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED
A+ (BRAND NEW!!)
What is the acute kidney injury- abcde -it – ANSWER - A -assess for
acute complications, high potassium, acidosis, fluid overload
B-check BP if systolic BP is less than 110 consider fluid challenge
C-catheterized to eliminate post bladder obstructive process and monitor
I/o
D- drugs-stop / avoid nephrotoxins, hold Acero Raas inhibitors
E-exclude obstruction
I investigations-urinalysis with microscopy for stage 2/3
T-treat the cause
What are the indications for KRT – ANSWER - Include anuria, severe
slash refractory hyperkalemia, severe/refractory metabolic acidosis, and
refractory volume overload
What are the types of KRT – ANSWER - Continuous renal / kidney
replacement therapy - crrt
Intermittent hemodialysis
Peritoneal hemodialysis
pg. 1
,Page 2 of 217
What are common complaints or symptoms of BPH – ANSWER -
Frequency common nocturia, dysuria, decreased volume, urgency,
urgent continents
Symptoms are more prevalent at night
Dizziness, weakness, tremors
What is the first line therapy for BPH – ANSWER - Alpha-one-
adrenergic receptor blockers, medication will rapidly relax the smooth
muscles of the bladder neck and prostate without impairing bladder body
contractility
Examples are Flomax-side effects include hypotension, dizziness,
retrograde ejaculation, ejaculatory dysfunction, and floppy Iris syndrome
What is the second line treatment for BPH – ANSWER - 5-ARIs-
medication works by shrinking the prostate by decreasing the production
of the DHT hormone-best for large prostate glands
Example is finasteride-may take up to 6 months to see full effect,
normally used in combination with alpha blockers
What are the third- and fourth-line treatments for BPH – ANSWER -
Anti-muscaroretic agents-oxybutynin- help with bladder over activity
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor-Cialis can be used for erectile dysfunction
What are the stages of CKD – ANSWER - 1 GFR >90
2 GFR 60-89
pg. 2
,Page 3 of 217
3 GFR 30-59
4 GFR 15-29
5 GFR <15
What is the treatment for CKD – ANSWER - Depending on the stage
It's complications such as metabolic acidosis, anemia, hypertension,
hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, secondary
hyperparathyroidism, dyslipidemia
Pharmacological treatment of CKD – ANSWER - Hypertensive
medications to keep blood pressure less than 130/80
What is microscopic hematuria – ANSWER - >/= 3 RBC per HPF
What is glomerular hematuria – ANSWER - Originates from the
nephron-on microscopic evaluation red blood cells are dysmorphic, on
your analysis the combination of rbcs and significant proteinuria most
often indicate a glomerular source of hematuria.... Example is Burger
disease
What is extra glomerular hematuria – ANSWER - He mature that
originates from the Urologic source, due to epithelial irritation trauma
inflammation or invasion usually associated with tumors kidney stones
or BPH
pg. 3
, Page 4 of 217
What is the gold standard for hematuria – ANSWER - CT urogram-
contraindication versus serum creatinine greater than two
the accumulation of apatite, calcium phosphate in the medullary
interstitium; this may develop into idiopathic hypercalciuria
Calcium containing kidney stones
Where do kidney stones start – ANSWER - In the basement membrane
of the thin Loop of Henley to finally form Randall’s plaque which will
erupt breaking the urothelium of the papilla
What can kidney stones be made of – ANSWER - Calcium oxalate-
highest incidence
Calcium phosphate
Uric acid
cystine
Struvite
What can cause Costa vertebral angle tenderness and flank pain –
ANSWER - Kidney stones
What urine pH is suggestive of renal tubular acidosis – ANSWER - 6.0
or more
8.0 or greater is indicative of pyuria and should lead to urine cultures
pg. 4
NRNP 6550 FINAL EXAM (WALDEN) NEWEST 2025
TEST BANK| NRNP 6550 FINAL EXAM REVIEW WITH
COMPLETE 500 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED
A+ (BRAND NEW!!)
What is the acute kidney injury- abcde -it – ANSWER - A -assess for
acute complications, high potassium, acidosis, fluid overload
B-check BP if systolic BP is less than 110 consider fluid challenge
C-catheterized to eliminate post bladder obstructive process and monitor
I/o
D- drugs-stop / avoid nephrotoxins, hold Acero Raas inhibitors
E-exclude obstruction
I investigations-urinalysis with microscopy for stage 2/3
T-treat the cause
What are the indications for KRT – ANSWER - Include anuria, severe
slash refractory hyperkalemia, severe/refractory metabolic acidosis, and
refractory volume overload
What are the types of KRT – ANSWER - Continuous renal / kidney
replacement therapy - crrt
Intermittent hemodialysis
Peritoneal hemodialysis
pg. 1
,Page 2 of 217
What are common complaints or symptoms of BPH – ANSWER -
Frequency common nocturia, dysuria, decreased volume, urgency,
urgent continents
Symptoms are more prevalent at night
Dizziness, weakness, tremors
What is the first line therapy for BPH – ANSWER - Alpha-one-
adrenergic receptor blockers, medication will rapidly relax the smooth
muscles of the bladder neck and prostate without impairing bladder body
contractility
Examples are Flomax-side effects include hypotension, dizziness,
retrograde ejaculation, ejaculatory dysfunction, and floppy Iris syndrome
What is the second line treatment for BPH – ANSWER - 5-ARIs-
medication works by shrinking the prostate by decreasing the production
of the DHT hormone-best for large prostate glands
Example is finasteride-may take up to 6 months to see full effect,
normally used in combination with alpha blockers
What are the third- and fourth-line treatments for BPH – ANSWER -
Anti-muscaroretic agents-oxybutynin- help with bladder over activity
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor-Cialis can be used for erectile dysfunction
What are the stages of CKD – ANSWER - 1 GFR >90
2 GFR 60-89
pg. 2
,Page 3 of 217
3 GFR 30-59
4 GFR 15-29
5 GFR <15
What is the treatment for CKD – ANSWER - Depending on the stage
It's complications such as metabolic acidosis, anemia, hypertension,
hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, secondary
hyperparathyroidism, dyslipidemia
Pharmacological treatment of CKD – ANSWER - Hypertensive
medications to keep blood pressure less than 130/80
What is microscopic hematuria – ANSWER - >/= 3 RBC per HPF
What is glomerular hematuria – ANSWER - Originates from the
nephron-on microscopic evaluation red blood cells are dysmorphic, on
your analysis the combination of rbcs and significant proteinuria most
often indicate a glomerular source of hematuria.... Example is Burger
disease
What is extra glomerular hematuria – ANSWER - He mature that
originates from the Urologic source, due to epithelial irritation trauma
inflammation or invasion usually associated with tumors kidney stones
or BPH
pg. 3
, Page 4 of 217
What is the gold standard for hematuria – ANSWER - CT urogram-
contraindication versus serum creatinine greater than two
the accumulation of apatite, calcium phosphate in the medullary
interstitium; this may develop into idiopathic hypercalciuria
Calcium containing kidney stones
Where do kidney stones start – ANSWER - In the basement membrane
of the thin Loop of Henley to finally form Randall’s plaque which will
erupt breaking the urothelium of the papilla
What can kidney stones be made of – ANSWER - Calcium oxalate-
highest incidence
Calcium phosphate
Uric acid
cystine
Struvite
What can cause Costa vertebral angle tenderness and flank pain –
ANSWER - Kidney stones
What urine pH is suggestive of renal tubular acidosis – ANSWER - 6.0
or more
8.0 or greater is indicative of pyuria and should lead to urine cultures
pg. 4
