N318 Final Exam Study Guide Questions With Complete Solutions

1. Abortion gestational age - ANSWER < 20 weeks 2. GTPAL - ANSWER Gravida, Term, Preterm, Abortions, Living children 3. Twins count for GTPAL - ANSWER 1 pregnancy and 1 birth 4. Earliest biochemical marker for pregnancy - ANSWER Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) 5. Presumptive signs of pregnancy - ANSWER Changes felt by the woman (e.g., Amenorrhea, Fatigue, Nausea/vomiting) 6. Probable signs of pregnancy - ANSWER Changes observed by an examiner (e.g., Positive pregnancy test, Cervical changes, Braxton Hicks contractions, Uterus sizes) 7. Positive signs of pregnancy - ANSWER Signs attributed only to the presence of the fetus (e.g., Fetal ultrasound, Fetal heart rate, Fetal movement felt by provider) 8. Hegar sign - ANSWER Softening of the lower uterine segment, palpated on bimanual exam 9. Chadwick sign - ANSWER Bluish purple color of vaginal mucosa due to increased vascularity by 8th week 10. tip 11. Goodell's sign - ANSWER Softening of the cervical Quickening - ANSWER Feeling fetal movement (14 20 weeks) 12. Ballotment - ANSWER Rebound of unengaged fetus 13. Physiologic anemia of pregnancy cause - ANSWER Increased blood volume 14. Cardiac output increase during pregnancy - ANSWER 30% to 50% 15. Chloasma - ANSWER Mask of pregnancy (Integumentary system) 16. PICA - ANSWER Change in appetite often from iron deficiency anemia 17. Combined Estrogen-Progestin Contraceptives (COCs) contraindications - ANSWER CV, CAD, breast cancer, and liver disease 18. Progestin-Only methods during lactation - ANSWER Oral progestins (mini pill) 19. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) and STIs/HIV - ANSWER Offer NO protection 20. Copper IUD use for emergency contraception - ANSWER Insertion within 120 hours of unprotected intercourse 21. Definition of abortion - ANSWER Interruption of pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation 22. Medical abortion method (first trimester) - ANSWER Methotrexate and misoprostol 23. Second-trimester abortion method - ANSWER Dilation and Curettage (D&C) 24. Common abortion complications - ANSWER Infection, retained products of conception, and excessive vaginal bleeding (D&C) 25. US maternal mortality rate - ANSWER Highest of any resource-rich country 26. Group with highest maternal mortality rates in the US - ANSWER African-American women 27. Percent of maternal deaths that were preventable - ANSWER 80% 28. Underlying causes of health disparities - ANSWER Structural inequities, racism, biases, and discrimination 29. EDB (Estimated Date of Birth) Calculation (Naegele rule) - ANSWER 1st day of LMP, subtract 3 months, add 7 days plus 1 year 30. Group B streptococcus (GBS) testing timeframe - ANSWER Between 36 0/7 and 37 6/7 weeks 31. High-risk age variations - ANSWER Adolescents and women older than 35 (Advanced Maternal Age - AMA) 32. Presumptive signs of pregnancy - ANSWER Changes felt by the woman (e.g., Amenorrhea, Fatigue, Nausea/vomiting) 33. Probable signs of pregnancy - ANSWER Changes observed by an examiner/health care provider (e.g., Positive pregnancy test, Cervical changes, Braxton Hicks contractions, Uterus sizes) 34. Positive signs of pregnancy - ANSWER Signs attributed only to the presence of the fetus (e.g., Fetal ultrasound, Fetal heart rate, Fetal movement felt by provider) 35. Hegar sign (Probable) - ANSWER Softening of the lower uterine segment (palpated on bimanual exam) 36. Chadwick sign (Probable) - ANSWER Bluish purple color of vaginal mucosa due to increased vascularity by 8th week 37. Goodell's sign (Probable) - ANSWER Softening of the cervical tip 38. Quickening (Presumptive) - ANSWER Feeling fetal movement (occurs 14-20 weeks) 39. Ballotement (Probable) - ANSWER Rebound of unengaged fetus 40. HCG (Probable) - ANSWER Earliest biochemical marker for pregnancy (detected 7-8 days after ovulation) 41. Physiologic Anemia - ANSWER Caused by increased blood volume during pregnancy 42. Cardiac Output (CO) Increase - ANSWER Increases 30% to 50% during pregnancy 43. Chloasma - ANSWER Mask of pregnancy (patches of darkened skin on face) 44. Linea Nigra - ANSWER Dark line from umbilicus to pubic area (Integumentary system) 45. Striae Gravidarum - ANSWER Stretch marks (Integumentary system) 46. PICA - ANSWER Change in appetite, often caused by iron deficiency anemia 47. Braxton Hicks contractions - ANSWER Painless, irregular, and usually relieved by walking (false contractions) 48. Colostrum formation - ANSWER Occurs in the breasts during the 2nd trimester 49. Fetal movement goal - ANSWER 10 kicks in 2 hours (after 20 weeks) 50. Supine Hypotensive Syndrome - ANSWER Concern in the cardiovascular system (no supine after 20 weeks) 51. High BP - ANSWER Gestational HTN or preeclampsia (NO high BP is normal) 52. Signs of Preeclampsia - ANSWER Headaches, visual changes, seizure (Integumentary/Neurological signs) 53. Impaired Placental Function Sign - ANSWER Oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer decrease 54. Chlamydia newborn effect - ANSWER Conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum) or pneumonia 55. Gonorrhea pregnancy effects - ANSWER Preterm birth, IUGR, PROM, chorioamnionitis, neonatal or maternal sepsis 56. Syphilis (Treponema Pallidum) management - ANSWER Penicillin G 57. Silent and highly destructive STIs leading to PID - ANSWER Chlamydia and Gonorrhea 58. Most prevalent viral STI - ANSWER Human papillomavirus (HPV) 59. HSV-2 management for active lesions at delivery - ANSWER Cesarean section (C/S) 60. Most threatening viral STI to fetus/neonate - ANSWER Hepatitis B Virus 61. HIV transmission risk with proper treatment - ANSWER Less than 1% 62. HIV and breastfeeding in the USA - ANSWER Contraindicated 63. Gravidity (G) - ANSWER Pregnancy (# of pregnancies) 64. Parity (P) - ANSWER Number of births (delivery) 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. Nulligravida - ANSWER Never been pregnant Multigravida - ANSWER Two or more pregnancies Nullipara - ANSWER Has not given birth yet Multipara - ANSWER Gave birth two plus times Preterm gestational age - ANSWER 20-37 weeks (delivery >20 weeks) 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. Late preterm gestational age - ANSWER 34-37 weeks Early term gestational age - ANSWER 37-39 weeks Full term gestational age - ANSWER 39-41 weeks Post term gestational age - ANSWER 42+ weeks Oligohydramnios - ANSWER Low amniotic fluid 75. Yolk sac - ANSWER Becomes a primitive digestive system 76. Umbilical cord structure - ANSWER 2 umbilical arteries and 1 umbilical vein 77. Umbilical artery function - ANSWER Carries unoxygenated blood and waste product to baby Umbilical vein function - ANSWER Carries oxygenated blood to baby Placenta functions - ANSWER Endocrine secretions (estrogen, progesterone, hCG, hPL), Metabolism, Nutrition & oxygen exchange, and Immunologic protection HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) - ANSWER Marker for pregnancy and highest in the first few weeks Placenta positioning restriction - ANSWER No supine after 20 weeks