Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
,Ethics
Theory and
Contemporary Issues
Ninth Edition
Barbara MacKinnon
University of San Francisco, Professor of Philosophy, Emerita
Andrew Fiala
California State University, Fresno, Professor of Philosophy
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
,Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues © 2018, 2015, 2012 Cengage Learning
Ninth Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Barbara MacKinnon, Andrew Fiala herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,
except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written
Product Director: Paul Banks
permission of the copyright owner.
Product Manager: Debra Matteson
Content Development Manager: Megan For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Garvey Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
Content Developer: Adrienne Zicht Devlin For permission to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Project Manager: Julia Giannotti Further permissions questions can be emailed to
Content Development Project Manager: Matt .
Gervais, Lumina Datamatics, Inc.
Associate Content Developer: Ryan The Library of Congress Control Number is on file.
McAndrews
Student Edition:
Product Assistant: Staci Eckenroth
SBN: 978-1-305-95867-8
Marketing Manager: Jillian Borden
oose-leaf Edition
Senior Content Project Manager: Margaret SBN: 978-1-305-95958-3
Park Bridges
Art Director: Marissa Falco Cengage Learning
Manufacturing Planner: Julio Esperas 20 Channel Center Street
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mages
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Printed in the United States of America
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Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
, Preface ix Ethics, Religion, and Divine
History of Ethics Time Line xiii Command Theory 25
Pluralism and the Golden Rule 28
The Problem of Evil and Free
One THEORY 1
Will 29
Secular Ethics and Toleration 3
—1— Ethics and Ethical Criticisms of Secularism and Global
Reasoning 1 Ethics 32
Why Study Ethics? READING Euthyphro • Plato 3
etter Christian Nation • SAM
What Is Ethics?
HARRIS 38
Ethical and Other Types
Religion and Truth • Mohandas
of Evaluation Gandh 39
Sociobiology and the Naturalistic
Fallacy Review Exercises 42
Ethical Terms
Ethics and Reasons —3— Ethical Relativism 44
Intuitionism, Emotivism,
Subjectivism, Objectivism Descriptive versus Normative
Ethical Reasoning and Ethical Relativism 45
Arguments Individual versus Cultural
The Structure of Ethical Reasoning Relativism 46
and Argument Strong and Weak Relativism 47
Evaluating and Making Good Reasons Supporting Ethical
Arguments 0 Relativism 48
Ethical Theory The Diversity of Mora Views 48
Types of Ethical Theory 2 Tolerance and
Can Ethics Be Taught? 3 Open-Mindedness 48
Mora Uncertainty 48
READING Ethical Judgments and Matters of
Situationa Differences 48
Fact • David Hume 4
motivism and Ethics • Are These Reasons
C. L. Stevenson Convincing? 49
Review Exercises 19 The Diversity of Mora Views 49
Tolerance and
Open-Mindedness 50
—2— Religion and Global Moral Uncertainty 50
Ethics 20 Situational fferences 50
Is Relativism
Freedom, Cosmopolitanism, and the Self-Contradictory? 5
European Enlightenment 22 Moral Realism 52
Religion, Civic Life, and Civil Moral Pluralism 53
Disobedience 24
i ❮❮
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
,Ethics
Theory and
Contemporary Issues
Ninth Edition
Barbara MacKinnon
University of San Francisco, Professor of Philosophy, Emerita
Andrew Fiala
California State University, Fresno, Professor of Philosophy
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
,Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues © 2018, 2015, 2012 Cengage Learning
Ninth Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Barbara MacKinnon, Andrew Fiala herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,
except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written
Product Director: Paul Banks
permission of the copyright owner.
Product Manager: Debra Matteson
Content Development Manager: Megan For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Garvey Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
Content Developer: Adrienne Zicht Devlin For permission to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Project Manager: Julia Giannotti Further permissions questions can be emailed to
Content Development Project Manager: Matt .
Gervais, Lumina Datamatics, Inc.
Associate Content Developer: Ryan The Library of Congress Control Number is on file.
McAndrews
Student Edition:
Product Assistant: Staci Eckenroth
SBN: 978-1-305-95867-8
Marketing Manager: Jillian Borden
oose-leaf Edition
Senior Content Project Manager: Margaret SBN: 978-1-305-95958-3
Park Bridges
Art Director: Marissa Falco Cengage Learning
Manufacturing Planner: Julio Esperas 20 Channel Center Street
IP Analyst: Alex Ricciardi Boston, MA 02210
USA
IP Project Manager: Nick Barrows
Production Service: Cenveo® Publisher Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with
Services employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than
Compositor: Cenveo® Publisher Services 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at
www.cengage.com.
Text designer: Cenveo® Publisher Services
Cover designer: Gary Ragaglia Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by
Nelson Education, Ltd.
Design credit: Illustrart/Shutterstock.com
Cover Images: To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com.
© Samir Hussein/Getty Images
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred
© Photos.com/Getty Images online store www.cengagebrain.com.
© Cengage Learning
© Georgios Kollidas/Alamy Stock Photo
© Rob Melnychuk/Digital Vision/Getty Images
© Joseph Sohm/Shutterstock.com
© AP Images/Matthew Putney
© Scott Peterson/Getty Images News/Getty
mages
© Jose Luis Cereijido/EPA/Newscom
Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 0 Print Year: 2016
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
, Preface ix Ethics, Religion, and Divine
History of Ethics Time Line xiii Command Theory 25
Pluralism and the Golden Rule 28
The Problem of Evil and Free
One THEORY 1
Will 29
Secular Ethics and Toleration 3
—1— Ethics and Ethical Criticisms of Secularism and Global
Reasoning 1 Ethics 32
Why Study Ethics? READING Euthyphro • Plato 3
etter Christian Nation • SAM
What Is Ethics?
HARRIS 38
Ethical and Other Types
Religion and Truth • Mohandas
of Evaluation Gandh 39
Sociobiology and the Naturalistic
Fallacy Review Exercises 42
Ethical Terms
Ethics and Reasons —3— Ethical Relativism 44
Intuitionism, Emotivism,
Subjectivism, Objectivism Descriptive versus Normative
Ethical Reasoning and Ethical Relativism 45
Arguments Individual versus Cultural
The Structure of Ethical Reasoning Relativism 46
and Argument Strong and Weak Relativism 47
Evaluating and Making Good Reasons Supporting Ethical
Arguments 0 Relativism 48
Ethical Theory The Diversity of Mora Views 48
Types of Ethical Theory 2 Tolerance and
Can Ethics Be Taught? 3 Open-Mindedness 48
Mora Uncertainty 48
READING Ethical Judgments and Matters of
Situationa Differences 48
Fact • David Hume 4
motivism and Ethics • Are These Reasons
C. L. Stevenson Convincing? 49
Review Exercises 19 The Diversity of Mora Views 49
Tolerance and
Open-Mindedness 50
—2— Religion and Global Moral Uncertainty 50
Ethics 20 Situational fferences 50
Is Relativism
Freedom, Cosmopolitanism, and the Self-Contradictory? 5
European Enlightenment 22 Moral Realism 52
Religion, Civic Life, and Civil Moral Pluralism 53
Disobedience 24
i ❮❮
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
