GMS 6402 EXAM SCRIPT PULMONARY FINAL
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2026
◉ During normal breathing, there is about ____ to ____ mls of air in
the alveolar airways. Answer: 2500‐3000
◉ _____‐ No cartilage and significantly less smooth muscle.
Remember, no gas exchange here. Answer: Terminal Bronchioles
(Z16)
◉ The path of oxygen diffusion‐ Answer: 1. Alveolar fluid 2. Alveolar
epithelium 3. Epithelial basement membrane 4. Interstitial space 5
Capillary basement membrane 6. Capillary endothelial cell
membrane 7. Blood 8. Red cell membrane
◉ What are the muscles involved with inspiration? Answer: Main
muscle of inspiration is the diaphragm.
Secondary inspiratory muscles are the external intercostals and
sternocleidomastoids. We use these during exercise.
Sternocleidomastoid elevates sternum.
Scalenus elevates and fix upper ribs.
Parasternal intercartilaginous muscles elevates ribs.
,External intercostals elevates ribs.
Diaphragm: domes descend, increasing longitudinal dimension of
chest and elevating lower ribs.
◉ What are the muscles involved with expiration? Answer: TIDAL
VOLUME expiration is passive (ie, we use the recoil of the lung to
push air out).
Secondary expiratory muscles include the internal intercostals and
the abdominal muscle. When they contract, they work with the
recoil to forcefully push air out of the lungs.
Internal intercostals except parasternal intercartilaginous muscles
(depresses ribs).
Abdominal muscles depresses lower ribs, compresses abdominal
contents.
Rectus abdominis.
External oblique..
Internal oblique.
Transversus abdominis.
◉ When the diaphragm contracts during inspiration, it moves
____.When it relaxes during expiration, it moves____. Answer: Down
Up
, ◉ ____ is the amount of air inhaled/exhaled with a normal breath
from the resting level (~____ L) Answer: Volume (VT)
0.5
◉ _____ is the amount of air that remains after maximal expiration
(~____ L). Answer: Residual volume (RV)
1.2
◉ ____ is the volume of air that can be expelled after normal tidal
volume expiration (~____ L). Answer: Expiratory Reserve Volume
(ERV)
2
◉ _____ is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the
lungs after taking the deepest breath possible (~____ L) Answer:
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
5
◉ ______ is the volume of air that is exhaled after maximal inspiration
(~___ L).Therefore, it's ___ + ___ + ___ Answer: Vital Capacity (VC)
5
ERV+ VT + IRV
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2026
◉ During normal breathing, there is about ____ to ____ mls of air in
the alveolar airways. Answer: 2500‐3000
◉ _____‐ No cartilage and significantly less smooth muscle.
Remember, no gas exchange here. Answer: Terminal Bronchioles
(Z16)
◉ The path of oxygen diffusion‐ Answer: 1. Alveolar fluid 2. Alveolar
epithelium 3. Epithelial basement membrane 4. Interstitial space 5
Capillary basement membrane 6. Capillary endothelial cell
membrane 7. Blood 8. Red cell membrane
◉ What are the muscles involved with inspiration? Answer: Main
muscle of inspiration is the diaphragm.
Secondary inspiratory muscles are the external intercostals and
sternocleidomastoids. We use these during exercise.
Sternocleidomastoid elevates sternum.
Scalenus elevates and fix upper ribs.
Parasternal intercartilaginous muscles elevates ribs.
,External intercostals elevates ribs.
Diaphragm: domes descend, increasing longitudinal dimension of
chest and elevating lower ribs.
◉ What are the muscles involved with expiration? Answer: TIDAL
VOLUME expiration is passive (ie, we use the recoil of the lung to
push air out).
Secondary expiratory muscles include the internal intercostals and
the abdominal muscle. When they contract, they work with the
recoil to forcefully push air out of the lungs.
Internal intercostals except parasternal intercartilaginous muscles
(depresses ribs).
Abdominal muscles depresses lower ribs, compresses abdominal
contents.
Rectus abdominis.
External oblique..
Internal oblique.
Transversus abdominis.
◉ When the diaphragm contracts during inspiration, it moves
____.When it relaxes during expiration, it moves____. Answer: Down
Up
, ◉ ____ is the amount of air inhaled/exhaled with a normal breath
from the resting level (~____ L) Answer: Volume (VT)
0.5
◉ _____ is the amount of air that remains after maximal expiration
(~____ L). Answer: Residual volume (RV)
1.2
◉ ____ is the volume of air that can be expelled after normal tidal
volume expiration (~____ L). Answer: Expiratory Reserve Volume
(ERV)
2
◉ _____ is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the
lungs after taking the deepest breath possible (~____ L) Answer:
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
5
◉ ______ is the volume of air that is exhaled after maximal inspiration
(~___ L).Therefore, it's ___ + ___ + ___ Answer: Vital Capacity (VC)
5
ERV+ VT + IRV
