CDE EXAM 2025/ 2026 | ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | VERIFIED ANSWERS | BRAND NEW VERSION!
Question 1
According to the principles of fuel homeostasis, hypertension (HTN) typically occurs due to the
body's inability to maintain a balance between which two physiological factors?
A) Stroke volume and heart rate
B) Blood glucose and insulin levels
C) Cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)
D) Serum potassium and sodium levels
E) Body Mass Index (BMI) and central obesity
Correct Answer: C) Cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Rationale: The provided text defines hypertension as a condition that usually occurs due to
the body's inability to maintain homeostasis between cardiac output (CO) and total
peripheral resistance (TPR). CO itself is a product of stroke volume and heart rate.
Question 2
What is the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommended blood pressure goal for most
people with diabetes, representing the "B" in the "ABC's of DM"?
A) No higher than 120/80 mmHg
B) No higher than 130/80 mmHg
C) No higher than 140/90 mmHg
D) No higher than 130/85 mmHg
E) No higher than 125/75 mmHg
Correct Answer: B) No higher than 130/80 mmHg
Rationale: The text explicitly states that the ADA has recommended keeping blood pressure
no higher than 130/80. It also clarifies that this represents the "B" (Blood pressure) in the
ABC's of diabetes management, where "A" is A1C and "C" is cholesterol.
Question 3
Which class of diuretic medication is unique in its ability to increase serum potassium levels,
often leading to its clinical combination with HCTZ?
,A) Thiazide diuretics
B) Loop diuretics
C) Osmotic diuretics
D) Potassium-sparing diuretics
E) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Correct Answer: D) Potassium-sparing diuretics
Rationale: The information provided clearly identifies potassium-sparing diuretics as the only
class that increases serum potassium. It notes that all other diuretics lower potassium and
that potassium-sparing diuretics are often combined with HCTZ to balance this effect.
Question 4
A patient with hypertension and renal artery stenosis is being considered for a new medication.
Which class of antihypertensive drugs is specifically noted as being contraindicated in this
situation?
A) Beta-blockers
B) Calcium channel blockers
C) Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
D) Thiazide diuretics
E) Potassium-sparing diuretics
Correct Answer: C) Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Rationale: The precautions for ARBs listed in the text explicitly state, "Do not use during
pregnancy or in renal artery stenosis." This is a critical contraindication for this drug class.
Question 5
A common side effect of ACE inhibitors is a persistent cough. How does the risk of cough with
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) compare?
A) The cough risk is significantly higher with ARBs.
B) The cough risk is identical to that of ACE inhibitors.
C) The cough risk is lower with ARBs than with ACE inhibitors.
,D) ARBs cause a different type of cough.
E) ARBs do not have cough listed as a potential side effect.
Correct Answer: C) The cough risk is lower with ARBs than with ACE inhibitors.
Rationale: The text, under the precautions for ARBs, mentions several side effects and
specifically notes that the "cough risk [is] lower than w/ ace inhibitors," making this a key
counseling and selection point.
Question 6
According to the provided text, when starting a patient on an ARB for hypertension, what is a
recommended strategy if the initial low dose is not sufficient to control blood pressure?
A) Immediately switch to a different class of medication.
B) Increase the ARB dosing to the maximum possible level.
C) Add a thiazide diuretic to the regimen.
D) Advise the patient to stop the medication.
E) Double the current dose of the ARB without titration.
Correct Answer: C) Add a thiazide diuretic to the regimen.
Rationale: The dosing information for ARBs suggests a specific strategy for optimization:
"adding a thiazide diuretic usually better than ^ ARB dosing to high." This indicates that
combination therapy is preferred over high-dose monotherapy.
Question 7
The "thrifty genotype" hypothesis suggests that certain individuals are genetically predisposed
to being "energy efficient." In a modern environment with no famine, this predisposition leads
to what health outcome?
A) Lower risk of diabetes due to efficient energy use.
B) A tendency to be underweight and have low blood pressure.
C) Increased weight gain, abdominal fat accumulation, and insulin resistance.
D) A natural resistance to developing central obesity.
E) Enhanced athletic performance and lower cholesterol.
, Correct Answer: C) Increased weight gain, abdominal fat accumulation, and insulin resistance.
Rationale: The text explains that while this genotype aids survival during famine, in its
absence, these individuals "gain wt, accumulate abdominal fat... and develop insulin
resistance, thus a higher DM risk."
Question 8
According to the provided Body Mass Index (BMI) classification, a person with a BMI of
27.5 kg/m ² would be classified as:
A) Underweight
B) Normal weight
C) Overweight
D) Obese
E) Morbidly obese
Correct Answer: C) Overweight
Rationale: The text provides the BMI classifications, stating that a BMI of 25-29.9 is classified
as overweight. A BMI of 27.5 falls within this range.
Question 9
What is the pathophysiological reason that central (abdominal) obesity is a significant risk factor
for insulin resistance?
A) Abdominal fat is less metabolically active than subcutaneous fat.
B) Abdominal fat has more capillaries, is more metabolically active, and increases the flux of
free fatty acids (FFAs).
C) Abdominal fat secretes hormones that lower blood glucose.
D) Abdominal fat traps glucose, preventing it from entering the bloodstream.
E) Subcutaneous fat is the primary driver of insulin resistance.
Correct Answer: B) Abdominal fat has more capillaries, is more metabolically active, and
increases the flux of free fatty acids (FFAs).
Rationale: The text explains that abdominal fat's higher metabolic activity and vascularity
GRADED A+ | VERIFIED ANSWERS | BRAND NEW VERSION!
Question 1
According to the principles of fuel homeostasis, hypertension (HTN) typically occurs due to the
body's inability to maintain a balance between which two physiological factors?
A) Stroke volume and heart rate
B) Blood glucose and insulin levels
C) Cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)
D) Serum potassium and sodium levels
E) Body Mass Index (BMI) and central obesity
Correct Answer: C) Cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Rationale: The provided text defines hypertension as a condition that usually occurs due to
the body's inability to maintain homeostasis between cardiac output (CO) and total
peripheral resistance (TPR). CO itself is a product of stroke volume and heart rate.
Question 2
What is the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommended blood pressure goal for most
people with diabetes, representing the "B" in the "ABC's of DM"?
A) No higher than 120/80 mmHg
B) No higher than 130/80 mmHg
C) No higher than 140/90 mmHg
D) No higher than 130/85 mmHg
E) No higher than 125/75 mmHg
Correct Answer: B) No higher than 130/80 mmHg
Rationale: The text explicitly states that the ADA has recommended keeping blood pressure
no higher than 130/80. It also clarifies that this represents the "B" (Blood pressure) in the
ABC's of diabetes management, where "A" is A1C and "C" is cholesterol.
Question 3
Which class of diuretic medication is unique in its ability to increase serum potassium levels,
often leading to its clinical combination with HCTZ?
,A) Thiazide diuretics
B) Loop diuretics
C) Osmotic diuretics
D) Potassium-sparing diuretics
E) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Correct Answer: D) Potassium-sparing diuretics
Rationale: The information provided clearly identifies potassium-sparing diuretics as the only
class that increases serum potassium. It notes that all other diuretics lower potassium and
that potassium-sparing diuretics are often combined with HCTZ to balance this effect.
Question 4
A patient with hypertension and renal artery stenosis is being considered for a new medication.
Which class of antihypertensive drugs is specifically noted as being contraindicated in this
situation?
A) Beta-blockers
B) Calcium channel blockers
C) Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
D) Thiazide diuretics
E) Potassium-sparing diuretics
Correct Answer: C) Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Rationale: The precautions for ARBs listed in the text explicitly state, "Do not use during
pregnancy or in renal artery stenosis." This is a critical contraindication for this drug class.
Question 5
A common side effect of ACE inhibitors is a persistent cough. How does the risk of cough with
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) compare?
A) The cough risk is significantly higher with ARBs.
B) The cough risk is identical to that of ACE inhibitors.
C) The cough risk is lower with ARBs than with ACE inhibitors.
,D) ARBs cause a different type of cough.
E) ARBs do not have cough listed as a potential side effect.
Correct Answer: C) The cough risk is lower with ARBs than with ACE inhibitors.
Rationale: The text, under the precautions for ARBs, mentions several side effects and
specifically notes that the "cough risk [is] lower than w/ ace inhibitors," making this a key
counseling and selection point.
Question 6
According to the provided text, when starting a patient on an ARB for hypertension, what is a
recommended strategy if the initial low dose is not sufficient to control blood pressure?
A) Immediately switch to a different class of medication.
B) Increase the ARB dosing to the maximum possible level.
C) Add a thiazide diuretic to the regimen.
D) Advise the patient to stop the medication.
E) Double the current dose of the ARB without titration.
Correct Answer: C) Add a thiazide diuretic to the regimen.
Rationale: The dosing information for ARBs suggests a specific strategy for optimization:
"adding a thiazide diuretic usually better than ^ ARB dosing to high." This indicates that
combination therapy is preferred over high-dose monotherapy.
Question 7
The "thrifty genotype" hypothesis suggests that certain individuals are genetically predisposed
to being "energy efficient." In a modern environment with no famine, this predisposition leads
to what health outcome?
A) Lower risk of diabetes due to efficient energy use.
B) A tendency to be underweight and have low blood pressure.
C) Increased weight gain, abdominal fat accumulation, and insulin resistance.
D) A natural resistance to developing central obesity.
E) Enhanced athletic performance and lower cholesterol.
, Correct Answer: C) Increased weight gain, abdominal fat accumulation, and insulin resistance.
Rationale: The text explains that while this genotype aids survival during famine, in its
absence, these individuals "gain wt, accumulate abdominal fat... and develop insulin
resistance, thus a higher DM risk."
Question 8
According to the provided Body Mass Index (BMI) classification, a person with a BMI of
27.5 kg/m ² would be classified as:
A) Underweight
B) Normal weight
C) Overweight
D) Obese
E) Morbidly obese
Correct Answer: C) Overweight
Rationale: The text provides the BMI classifications, stating that a BMI of 25-29.9 is classified
as overweight. A BMI of 27.5 falls within this range.
Question 9
What is the pathophysiological reason that central (abdominal) obesity is a significant risk factor
for insulin resistance?
A) Abdominal fat is less metabolically active than subcutaneous fat.
B) Abdominal fat has more capillaries, is more metabolically active, and increases the flux of
free fatty acids (FFAs).
C) Abdominal fat secretes hormones that lower blood glucose.
D) Abdominal fat traps glucose, preventing it from entering the bloodstream.
E) Subcutaneous fat is the primary driver of insulin resistance.
Correct Answer: B) Abdominal fat has more capillaries, is more metabolically active, and
increases the flux of free fatty acids (FFAs).
Rationale: The text explains that abdominal fat's higher metabolic activity and vascularity
