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NR565 Advanced Pharmacology
Fundamentals Week 1 Questions and
Correct Answers/ Latest Update / Already
Graded
Drug Development Process
Ans: Pre-clincial Stage (Animal testing) of R&D
INDClinical (Safety and effectiveness)
R&DFinal Product Development
Post-marketing
Variations in drug development process
Preclinical stage of R&D
Ans: 1. Drug discovery
2. Biological characterization (drug action/ fate)
3. Pre-formulation studies
4. Initial formulations
5. Manufacturing and controls
6. Package label and design
Clinical Stage
Ans: Phase 1: Biological effects, safe dosage
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Phase 2: New drug treats small amount of patients
Phase 3: Larger size, must be as good as or better than others.
Drug Discovery
Ans: 1. target identification and validation
2. hit identification and screening
3. lead identification and optimization
4. candidate preclinical and clinical drug development
Graded dose response
Ans: Drug response is continuous and gradual. The
concentration increases, the magnitude of the effect increases
Types of Drug Response
Ans: -Graded - responses that can be measured (BP, HR,
Diuresis, Bronchodilation, Pain scale, Coma Score)
-Quantal Effects- may or may not occur (convulsions,
pregnancy, rash, sleep, death)
Receptors exist in what two states?
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
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Ans: 1) Inactive (R)2) Active (R*)Equilibrium favors inactive
state (R)
Four major receptor families- receptors are proteins that transduce
extracellular signals to intracellular responses
Ans: 1) Ligand-gated ion channel
2) G protein-coupled receptors
3) Enzyme-linked receptors
4) Intracellular receptors regulating gene expression
Ion Channel Receptors / Gated ion channels
Ans: - Rapid onset and short duration (muscle contraction)
Transmit signals across the cell membrane by increasing the
flow of ions and altering the electrical potential or separation of
charged ions across the membrane
Gated Ion Channel Receptors:
Open or close channels to allow certain ions to pass through cell
membrane.
A gated channel for a specific ion. The opening or closing of
such channels may alter a cell's membrane potential.
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
NR565 Advanced Pharmacology
Fundamentals Week 1 Questions and
Correct Answers/ Latest Update / Already
Graded
Drug Development Process
Ans: Pre-clincial Stage (Animal testing) of R&D
INDClinical (Safety and effectiveness)
R&DFinal Product Development
Post-marketing
Variations in drug development process
Preclinical stage of R&D
Ans: 1. Drug discovery
2. Biological characterization (drug action/ fate)
3. Pre-formulation studies
4. Initial formulations
5. Manufacturing and controls
6. Package label and design
Clinical Stage
Ans: Phase 1: Biological effects, safe dosage
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |2
Phase 2: New drug treats small amount of patients
Phase 3: Larger size, must be as good as or better than others.
Drug Discovery
Ans: 1. target identification and validation
2. hit identification and screening
3. lead identification and optimization
4. candidate preclinical and clinical drug development
Graded dose response
Ans: Drug response is continuous and gradual. The
concentration increases, the magnitude of the effect increases
Types of Drug Response
Ans: -Graded - responses that can be measured (BP, HR,
Diuresis, Bronchodilation, Pain scale, Coma Score)
-Quantal Effects- may or may not occur (convulsions,
pregnancy, rash, sleep, death)
Receptors exist in what two states?
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |3
Ans: 1) Inactive (R)2) Active (R*)Equilibrium favors inactive
state (R)
Four major receptor families- receptors are proteins that transduce
extracellular signals to intracellular responses
Ans: 1) Ligand-gated ion channel
2) G protein-coupled receptors
3) Enzyme-linked receptors
4) Intracellular receptors regulating gene expression
Ion Channel Receptors / Gated ion channels
Ans: - Rapid onset and short duration (muscle contraction)
Transmit signals across the cell membrane by increasing the
flow of ions and altering the electrical potential or separation of
charged ions across the membrane
Gated Ion Channel Receptors:
Open or close channels to allow certain ions to pass through cell
membrane.
A gated channel for a specific ion. The opening or closing of
such channels may alter a cell's membrane potential.
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
