Portage BIOD 101 Module Outcomes Final Review –
Questions With Comprehensive Solutions
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Terms in this set (41)
Ionic Bonds= are generated based on the attraction
between oppositely charged particles.
Module 1
Identify the major elements Covalent Bonds= occurs when electrons are shared by
and bonding relationships two atoms to complete the valence shells of both. In
that make up matter. general, covalent bonds exist between two non-metals.
Hydrogen Bonds=relatively weak bond
, Carbohydrate= commonly referred to as sugars, are the
primary source of fuel. Structure (C,H,O), H-0 always 2:1
Lipid= Insoluble in water (made of non-polar
hydrocarbons), NOT MONOMERS (assembled from
smaller molecules), Ex. Fats,oils,steiroids. (trigylcerides
most abundant) Phospholipids have a polar head (like
water hydrophilic) and non-polar tail (repel water
hydrophobic).
Steroids -are a type of lipid made up of four, fused
carbon rings with attached functional groups, often
containing an alcohol
Proteins=are constructed from monomers called amino
acids.
Module 1
(1) Proteins can act as enzymes and regulate metabolic
Describe the structure and
functions, (2) store amino acids, (3) act as hormones (4)
function of the four main
form antibodies for immunological defense (5) act as
types of organic
carriers for transport and also form membrane
compounds that make up
channels, (6) form cell surface receptors to receive
biomacromolecules.
chemical messages and (7) act as structural molecules
(Carb,lipid,proteins,nucelic
for support and movement.
acids)
Some functions of proteins are to make many needed
protective tissues such as skin, hair, and fingernails.
Proteins also form enzymes (catalysts that speed up
chemical reactions) and are used to make needed
substances such as hemoglobin, which carries oxygen
in red blood cells.
Nucleic acids-molecules that carry genetic information
within the cell.
DNA- contains a vast amount of hereditary information
and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of
living organisms. (Adenine,guanine,cytosine,thymine)
RNA- is responsible for deciphering the hereditary
information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins.
(has URACIL instead of thymine)
, Amino acids that must be obtained from foods in the
diet are called essential amino acids; non-essential
amino acids can be manufactured by the human body.
Peptide bonds- are covalent bonds that hold amino
acids together to form proteins. A long chain of amino
acids is therefore called a polypeptide.
Primary structure. -his is the order in which the amino
acid monomer units are arranged in a linear
Proteins Continued
polypeptide chain.
Secondary structure. -There are two repeating patterns
that may occur in a polypeptide chain.
Tertiary structure.-This is the overall three-dimensional
shape assumed by each individual polypeptide chain.
Quaternary structure. -Formation occurs when two or
more polypeptide chains interact.
Module 1 Prokaryotic-Smaller, has no Nucleus, No membrane-
Compare and contrast bound organelles (bacteria cells)
eukaryotic and prokaryotic Eukaryotic- More complex, have a nucleus, contain
cells. membrane bound organelles
, Nucleus- suspended by nucleoplasm. Contains the
genomic content of the cell (DNA) and serves as the
control center of the cell.
Ribosomes- are complexes of tiny manufacturing plants
that assemble proteins. (NOT organelles) RNA + an
enzyme necessary for linking amino acids together.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-ER forms a maze of tightly
packed tubules that form interconnected
compartments, called cisternae, within the cytoplasm.
After proteins are assembled by the ribosomes, they are
modified and transported by the ER (2 parts)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)- small granular
ribosomes attached.ER membrane sequesters these
newly made glycoproteins from the proteins in the
Module 1
cytosol
Determine the roles of the
major components of a
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has no attached
cell.
ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis of lipids,
steroids, and phospholipids for the cell membrane.
Golgi apparatus- distribution center of the cell
Lysosomes-contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of
degrading unwanted cellular debris such as proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.
Mitochondria- double membrane-enclosed
(phospholipid bilayer) organelles that are the site of
cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the process of
using oxygen to generate ATP.
Peroxisomes are small, membrane bound sacs that
contain enzymes specific for dissolving fats, amino
acids, and hydrogen peroxide
Questions With Comprehensive Solutions
Save
Terms in this set (41)
Ionic Bonds= are generated based on the attraction
between oppositely charged particles.
Module 1
Identify the major elements Covalent Bonds= occurs when electrons are shared by
and bonding relationships two atoms to complete the valence shells of both. In
that make up matter. general, covalent bonds exist between two non-metals.
Hydrogen Bonds=relatively weak bond
, Carbohydrate= commonly referred to as sugars, are the
primary source of fuel. Structure (C,H,O), H-0 always 2:1
Lipid= Insoluble in water (made of non-polar
hydrocarbons), NOT MONOMERS (assembled from
smaller molecules), Ex. Fats,oils,steiroids. (trigylcerides
most abundant) Phospholipids have a polar head (like
water hydrophilic) and non-polar tail (repel water
hydrophobic).
Steroids -are a type of lipid made up of four, fused
carbon rings with attached functional groups, often
containing an alcohol
Proteins=are constructed from monomers called amino
acids.
Module 1
(1) Proteins can act as enzymes and regulate metabolic
Describe the structure and
functions, (2) store amino acids, (3) act as hormones (4)
function of the four main
form antibodies for immunological defense (5) act as
types of organic
carriers for transport and also form membrane
compounds that make up
channels, (6) form cell surface receptors to receive
biomacromolecules.
chemical messages and (7) act as structural molecules
(Carb,lipid,proteins,nucelic
for support and movement.
acids)
Some functions of proteins are to make many needed
protective tissues such as skin, hair, and fingernails.
Proteins also form enzymes (catalysts that speed up
chemical reactions) and are used to make needed
substances such as hemoglobin, which carries oxygen
in red blood cells.
Nucleic acids-molecules that carry genetic information
within the cell.
DNA- contains a vast amount of hereditary information
and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of
living organisms. (Adenine,guanine,cytosine,thymine)
RNA- is responsible for deciphering the hereditary
information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins.
(has URACIL instead of thymine)
, Amino acids that must be obtained from foods in the
diet are called essential amino acids; non-essential
amino acids can be manufactured by the human body.
Peptide bonds- are covalent bonds that hold amino
acids together to form proteins. A long chain of amino
acids is therefore called a polypeptide.
Primary structure. -his is the order in which the amino
acid monomer units are arranged in a linear
Proteins Continued
polypeptide chain.
Secondary structure. -There are two repeating patterns
that may occur in a polypeptide chain.
Tertiary structure.-This is the overall three-dimensional
shape assumed by each individual polypeptide chain.
Quaternary structure. -Formation occurs when two or
more polypeptide chains interact.
Module 1 Prokaryotic-Smaller, has no Nucleus, No membrane-
Compare and contrast bound organelles (bacteria cells)
eukaryotic and prokaryotic Eukaryotic- More complex, have a nucleus, contain
cells. membrane bound organelles
, Nucleus- suspended by nucleoplasm. Contains the
genomic content of the cell (DNA) and serves as the
control center of the cell.
Ribosomes- are complexes of tiny manufacturing plants
that assemble proteins. (NOT organelles) RNA + an
enzyme necessary for linking amino acids together.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-ER forms a maze of tightly
packed tubules that form interconnected
compartments, called cisternae, within the cytoplasm.
After proteins are assembled by the ribosomes, they are
modified and transported by the ER (2 parts)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)- small granular
ribosomes attached.ER membrane sequesters these
newly made glycoproteins from the proteins in the
Module 1
cytosol
Determine the roles of the
major components of a
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has no attached
cell.
ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis of lipids,
steroids, and phospholipids for the cell membrane.
Golgi apparatus- distribution center of the cell
Lysosomes-contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of
degrading unwanted cellular debris such as proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.
Mitochondria- double membrane-enclosed
(phospholipid bilayer) organelles that are the site of
cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the process of
using oxygen to generate ATP.
Peroxisomes are small, membrane bound sacs that
contain enzymes specific for dissolving fats, amino
acids, and hydrogen peroxide
