NURS 257 EXAM 130 QUESTIONS & CORRECT
ANSWERS LATEST 2025
What are the 3 lifestyle factors that are contributing the most to longer life? -
ANSWER-Diet, exercise, not smoking
Aging Theory - ANSWER-explains the mechanisms behind loss of physical
resilience, decreased resistance to disease, and other physical and mental changes
that accompany aging
Programmed Aging (Hayflick's Theory) - ANSWER-cellular aging: normal human
cells can only replicate and divide 40-60 times before it cannot divide anymore and
will breakdown by programmed cell death (apoptosis and replicate senescence)
Does Programmed Aging or Hayflick's Theory apply to stem cells? - ANSWER-
No, it is difficult to prove secondary to concurrent chronic disease
Molecular Clock Theory - ANSWER-DNA changes: each time a cell undergoes
mitosis, the telomeres on the ends of the chromosome shorten slightly and
eventually this loss of telomeres stops the ability of chromosomes to replicate
Intrinsic Mutagenesis - ANSWER-the process by which telomeres on the ends of
chromosomes shorten slightly
Wear and Tear Theories of Aging - ANSWER-errors in the replication of cells and
accumulation of damaging byproducts eventually leads to declining cellular
function and aging
,Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory - ANSWER-secondary to the buildup of
unstable oxygen compounds, there is cumulative damage to cells and tissues as a
result of aerobic metabolism
In the Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory, environmental oxidizing agents cause
harm to what structures in cells and tissues? - ANSWER-Cell membranes and cells
What do antioxidant enzymes do in relation to the Free Radical/Oxidative Stress
Theory? - ANSWER-Antioxidants can be derived from a healthy diet or from
phytochemicals which block the formation of free radicals
phytochemicals - ANSWER-plant chemicals
What are the effects and physiological changes of Normal Aging? - ANSWER-1)
LBM
2) Sarcopenia
3) Proportion Distortion
4) Weight Gain
5) Decline in taste, smell, appetite, and thirst
6) Decline in oral health
LBM (lean body mass) - ANSWER-sum of fat free tissues comprising bone,
muscle, and water
Sarcopenia - ANSWER-age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function
, Proportion distortion - ANSWER-refers to the growing proportion sizes people call
normal
as age increases, the number of calories required (decreases/increases) -
ANSWER-Decreases
Are carbs typically a nutritional risk factor in older adults? - ANSWER-No
What is the daily recommended intake of fiber for older adults? - ANSWER-22-28
g/day recommended
What is the daily recommended intake of protein for older adults? - ANSWER-1-
1.5 g/kg
What is the most common deficiency among older adults? - ANSWER-Protein
Nitrogen balance - ANSWER-the difference between intake and loss of protein
What is the second most common deficiency among older adults? - ANSWER-
dairy
What percent of total calories should be used by fats for older adults? - ANSWER-
20-35%
What is the DRI Water/Fluid Recommendation for older adults? - ANSWER-1 mL
of fluid per calorie eaten or a minimum of 1500 mL of fluid/day
ANSWERS LATEST 2025
What are the 3 lifestyle factors that are contributing the most to longer life? -
ANSWER-Diet, exercise, not smoking
Aging Theory - ANSWER-explains the mechanisms behind loss of physical
resilience, decreased resistance to disease, and other physical and mental changes
that accompany aging
Programmed Aging (Hayflick's Theory) - ANSWER-cellular aging: normal human
cells can only replicate and divide 40-60 times before it cannot divide anymore and
will breakdown by programmed cell death (apoptosis and replicate senescence)
Does Programmed Aging or Hayflick's Theory apply to stem cells? - ANSWER-
No, it is difficult to prove secondary to concurrent chronic disease
Molecular Clock Theory - ANSWER-DNA changes: each time a cell undergoes
mitosis, the telomeres on the ends of the chromosome shorten slightly and
eventually this loss of telomeres stops the ability of chromosomes to replicate
Intrinsic Mutagenesis - ANSWER-the process by which telomeres on the ends of
chromosomes shorten slightly
Wear and Tear Theories of Aging - ANSWER-errors in the replication of cells and
accumulation of damaging byproducts eventually leads to declining cellular
function and aging
,Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory - ANSWER-secondary to the buildup of
unstable oxygen compounds, there is cumulative damage to cells and tissues as a
result of aerobic metabolism
In the Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory, environmental oxidizing agents cause
harm to what structures in cells and tissues? - ANSWER-Cell membranes and cells
What do antioxidant enzymes do in relation to the Free Radical/Oxidative Stress
Theory? - ANSWER-Antioxidants can be derived from a healthy diet or from
phytochemicals which block the formation of free radicals
phytochemicals - ANSWER-plant chemicals
What are the effects and physiological changes of Normal Aging? - ANSWER-1)
LBM
2) Sarcopenia
3) Proportion Distortion
4) Weight Gain
5) Decline in taste, smell, appetite, and thirst
6) Decline in oral health
LBM (lean body mass) - ANSWER-sum of fat free tissues comprising bone,
muscle, and water
Sarcopenia - ANSWER-age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function
, Proportion distortion - ANSWER-refers to the growing proportion sizes people call
normal
as age increases, the number of calories required (decreases/increases) -
ANSWER-Decreases
Are carbs typically a nutritional risk factor in older adults? - ANSWER-No
What is the daily recommended intake of fiber for older adults? - ANSWER-22-28
g/day recommended
What is the daily recommended intake of protein for older adults? - ANSWER-1-
1.5 g/kg
What is the most common deficiency among older adults? - ANSWER-Protein
Nitrogen balance - ANSWER-the difference between intake and loss of protein
What is the second most common deficiency among older adults? - ANSWER-
dairy
What percent of total calories should be used by fats for older adults? - ANSWER-
20-35%
What is the DRI Water/Fluid Recommendation for older adults? - ANSWER-1 mL
of fluid per calorie eaten or a minimum of 1500 mL of fluid/day
