SAUNDERS COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW FOR
ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
The clinic nurse is preparing to explain the concepts of Kohlberg's theory of moral
development with a parent. The nurse would plan to tell the parent that which factor
motivates good and bad actions for the child at the preconventional level?
1. Peer pressure
2. Social pressure
3. Parents' behavior
4. Punishment and reward - ANSWER 4. Punishment and reward
Rationale:
In the preconventional stage, morals are thought to be motivated by punishment and
reward. If the child is obedient and is not punished, then the child is being moral. The child
sees actions as good or bad. If the child's actions are good, the child is praised. If the child's
actions are bad, the child is punished. Options 1, 2, and 3 are not associated factors for this
stage of moral development.
The nurse is preparing to provide instructions to new parents regarding the psychosocial
development of the newborn infant. Using Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the
nurse would instruct the parents to take which measure?
1. Allow the newborn infant to signal a need.
2. Anticipate all needs of the newborn infant.
1
,3. Attend to the newborn infant immediately when crying.
4. Avoid the newborn infant during the first 10 minutes of crying. - ANSWER 1. Allow
the newborn infant to signal a need.
Rationale:
According to Erikson, the caregiver should not try to anticipate the newborn infant's needs
at all times but needs to allow the newborn infant to signal needs. If a newborn infant is not
allowed to signal a need, the newborn will not learn how to control the environment.
Erikson believed that a delayed or prolonged response to a newborn infant's signal would
inhibit the development of trust and lead to mistrust of others.
The nurse notes that a 6-year-old child does not recognize that objects exist when the
objects are outside of the visual field. Based on this observation, which action would the
nurse take?
1. Report the observation to the pediatrician.
2. Move the objects in the child's direct field of vision.
3. Teach the child how to visually scan the environment.
4. Provide additional lighting for the child during play activities. - ANSWER 1. Report
the observation to the pediatrician.
Rationale:
According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, it is normal for the infant or
toddler not to recognize that objects continue to be in existence if out of the visual field;
however, this is abnormal for the 6-year-old. If a 6-year-old child does not recognize that
objects still exist even when outside the visual field, the child is not progressing normally
through the developmental stages. The nurse would report this finding to the pediatrician so
that both medical and psychosocial follow-up can be initiated. Options 2, 3, and 4 delay
necessary follow-up and treatment.
2
, A nursing student is preparing to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Freud's
psychosexual stages of development, specifically the anal stage. The student would plan to
explain to the group that which characteristic relates to the anal stage?
1. This stage is associated with toilet training.
2. This stage is characterized by oral gratification.
3. This stage is characterized by repression of sexuality.
4. This stage is associated with identification with the same-sex parent. - ANSWER 1.
This stage is associated with toilet training.
Rationale:
In general, toilet training occurs during the anal stage. According to Freud, the child gains
pleasure from the elimination of feces and from their retention. Option 2 relates to the oral
stage. Option 3 relates to the latency period. Option 4 relates to the phallic stage.
The nurse is preparing to describe Piaget's cognitive developmental theory to pediatric
nursing staff. The nurse would plan to tell the staff that which child behavior is characteristic
of the formal operations stage?
1. The child's basic abilities to think abstractly and problem-solve are similar to an adult's.
2. The child learns to think in a concrete fashion and expects others to view the world in the
same way.
3. The child begins to understand the environment and conceptualize objects that are no
longer visible.
4. The child is able to classify, order, and sort facts and is able to see a variety of solutions to
a problem. - ANSWER 1. The child's basic abilities to think abstractly and problem-
solve are similar to an adult's.
Rationale:
3
ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
The clinic nurse is preparing to explain the concepts of Kohlberg's theory of moral
development with a parent. The nurse would plan to tell the parent that which factor
motivates good and bad actions for the child at the preconventional level?
1. Peer pressure
2. Social pressure
3. Parents' behavior
4. Punishment and reward - ANSWER 4. Punishment and reward
Rationale:
In the preconventional stage, morals are thought to be motivated by punishment and
reward. If the child is obedient and is not punished, then the child is being moral. The child
sees actions as good or bad. If the child's actions are good, the child is praised. If the child's
actions are bad, the child is punished. Options 1, 2, and 3 are not associated factors for this
stage of moral development.
The nurse is preparing to provide instructions to new parents regarding the psychosocial
development of the newborn infant. Using Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the
nurse would instruct the parents to take which measure?
1. Allow the newborn infant to signal a need.
2. Anticipate all needs of the newborn infant.
1
,3. Attend to the newborn infant immediately when crying.
4. Avoid the newborn infant during the first 10 minutes of crying. - ANSWER 1. Allow
the newborn infant to signal a need.
Rationale:
According to Erikson, the caregiver should not try to anticipate the newborn infant's needs
at all times but needs to allow the newborn infant to signal needs. If a newborn infant is not
allowed to signal a need, the newborn will not learn how to control the environment.
Erikson believed that a delayed or prolonged response to a newborn infant's signal would
inhibit the development of trust and lead to mistrust of others.
The nurse notes that a 6-year-old child does not recognize that objects exist when the
objects are outside of the visual field. Based on this observation, which action would the
nurse take?
1. Report the observation to the pediatrician.
2. Move the objects in the child's direct field of vision.
3. Teach the child how to visually scan the environment.
4. Provide additional lighting for the child during play activities. - ANSWER 1. Report
the observation to the pediatrician.
Rationale:
According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, it is normal for the infant or
toddler not to recognize that objects continue to be in existence if out of the visual field;
however, this is abnormal for the 6-year-old. If a 6-year-old child does not recognize that
objects still exist even when outside the visual field, the child is not progressing normally
through the developmental stages. The nurse would report this finding to the pediatrician so
that both medical and psychosocial follow-up can be initiated. Options 2, 3, and 4 delay
necessary follow-up and treatment.
2
, A nursing student is preparing to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Freud's
psychosexual stages of development, specifically the anal stage. The student would plan to
explain to the group that which characteristic relates to the anal stage?
1. This stage is associated with toilet training.
2. This stage is characterized by oral gratification.
3. This stage is characterized by repression of sexuality.
4. This stage is associated with identification with the same-sex parent. - ANSWER 1.
This stage is associated with toilet training.
Rationale:
In general, toilet training occurs during the anal stage. According to Freud, the child gains
pleasure from the elimination of feces and from their retention. Option 2 relates to the oral
stage. Option 3 relates to the latency period. Option 4 relates to the phallic stage.
The nurse is preparing to describe Piaget's cognitive developmental theory to pediatric
nursing staff. The nurse would plan to tell the staff that which child behavior is characteristic
of the formal operations stage?
1. The child's basic abilities to think abstractly and problem-solve are similar to an adult's.
2. The child learns to think in a concrete fashion and expects others to view the world in the
same way.
3. The child begins to understand the environment and conceptualize objects that are no
longer visible.
4. The child is able to classify, order, and sort facts and is able to see a variety of solutions to
a problem. - ANSWER 1. The child's basic abilities to think abstractly and problem-
solve are similar to an adult's.
Rationale:
3
