ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATE.
EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
The Normal Cell Cycle - ANS -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA
replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular
information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANS Cell division produces two identical cells through these
two major phases
During interphase: - ANS Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps:
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ANS -cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANS -DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ANS -Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move
into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - ANS -G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point - ANS -The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing phase
(G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the cells past
the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - ANS -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or go
into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - ANS -Exceptions to this are
those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Cell Cycling Time - ANS Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image -
ANS http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animati
on__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - ANS -The cell cycle is carefully
controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the
genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease,
such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - ANS 1. cyclines (D, E,
A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - ANS -(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATE.
EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
The Normal Cell Cycle - ANS -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA
replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular
information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANS Cell division produces two identical cells through these
two major phases
During interphase: - ANS Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps:
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ANS -cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANS -DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ANS -Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move
into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - ANS -G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point - ANS -The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing phase
(G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the cells past
the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - ANS -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or go
into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - ANS -Exceptions to this are
those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Cell Cycling Time - ANS Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image -
ANS http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animati
on__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - ANS -The cell cycle is carefully
controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the
genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease,
such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - ANS 1. cyclines (D, E,
A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - ANS -(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
