BSNC 1000 MODULES 1-5 MIDTERM ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

BSNC 1000 MODULES 1-5 MIDTERM ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS “What are the four subcomponents of population health? - CORRECT ANSWER epidemiology; chronic disease management; illness and injury prevention; health promotion" "what is the healthcare perspective? - CORRECT ANSWER evidence and science based; articles/peer reviewed journals; experience" "Define disease - CORRECT ANSWER an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions" "Define chronic disease - CORRECT ANSWER an ongoing condition or illness" "how does social support impact health? - CORRECT ANSWER promotes both happiness and health; poor social relationships can be an important risk factor for smoking and obesity" "how does income and social status impact health? - CORRECT ANSWER level of income shapes overall living conditions, affects psychological functioning and influences health-related behaviours like quality of diet --> access to better resources" "how does education and literacy impact health? - CORRECT ANSWER can lead to a better job, higher income, greater health literacy and understanding the difference between unhealthy and health behaviours" "how does our access to health services impact our health? - CORRECT ANSWER accessible to all for health maintenance, promotion, protection, disease prevention, and treatment if population health is to be achieved." "how does gender impact health? - CORRECT ANSWER indicates that some health problems and health practices are gender specific --> example, men are more likely than women to die prematurely from heart disease" "how does culture impact health? - CORRECT ANSWER predispose some groups to certain diseases; implications for access to care." "what is the epidemiological triad? - CORRECT ANSWER agent, host, environment --> example agent: common cold host: you environment: outside" "what are the three aggregates of the older population? - CORRECT ANSWER young-old: 65-74 middle-old: 75-84 old-old: 85+" "what are some factors that can improve the functional changes occurring in older adults? - CORRECT ANSWER -healthy and well balanced diet - paced and appropriate activity - regularly meaningful activities - use of stress management techniques - avoidance of alcohol, smoking, and illicit drugs" "what are some symptoms of cognitive changes that can occur with growth and development of the older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER delirium;depression;dementia" "what are cognitive conditions that are NOT normal in older adults? - CORRECT ANSWER disorientation loss of language and skills loss of ability to calculate poor judgement" "what are physiological integumentary changes that can occur with growth and development of the older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER - wrinkles (due to loss of collagen and thinning of epithelial layer) - senile lentigo (age spots) - angiomas (red lesions) - seborrheic lesions (irregular, brown lesions)" "what are the limits on health literacy? - CORRECT ANSWER -less than a high-school education level - chronic health conditions - vision and hearing impairments" "what are the consequences of poor health literacy? - CORRECT ANSWER Inappropriate or no usage of health care, Improper use of medicines, Poor health outcomes, or Poor self-management of chronic conditions" "what is chronic disease management? - CORRECT ANSWER managing the symptoms of long-term disease allowing patients to enjoy life --> slow down progression of disease --> assistance in controlling symptoms --> coordination and planning of healthcare and patients with chronic and terminal diseases" "what are some age-related changes that you must keep in mind when educating older adults? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. poor vision --> use adequate lighting, use bigger fonts, contrasting colours, ask if they need glasses 2. hearing loss --> hearing aid if necessary, lower tone, face client, show you mouth movements, don't assume they have hearing loss 3. slow to process information --> speak slowly, face client, be patient, check if patient understood the info, have family member present for support 4. forgetfulness --> use reminder cues like calendar, phone alert or sticky notes; give concrete examples that can be incorporated in their daily life like drinking water 5. easily tired 6. lacks interest in making a change --> ask clients their values, feelings and identify their barriers and health literacy 7. challenges with fine motor skills --> modify the activities based on capability, practice fine motor skills needed for their care, identify mobility barriers 8. distracted" "what are the characteristics of chronic disease management linked to client education? - CORRECT ANSWER - self-management - decision support - deliver system design/ reorient health services - information systems - healthy public policy - supportive environments - community action" "what are examples of primary management of hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER lifestyle changes - healthy diet - exercise - not smoking" "what are examples of secondary management of hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER increased/routine screening - blood screening - lipid screening early diagnosis prompt treatment" "what are examples of tertiary management of hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER medication surgical intervention" "Define Hyoxemia - CORRECT ANSWER low oxygen in the blood --> can cause hypoxia" "Define hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER An insufficiency of oxygen in the body's tissues --> can cause cell damage" "Define ischemia - CORRECT ANSWER insufficient flow of oxygenated blood to the tissue" "define anoxia - CORRECT ANSWER complete lack of oxygen in the tissue --> cell death" "Define dyspnea - CORRECT ANSWER shortness of breath" "Define cyanosis - CORRECT ANSWER a bluish discolouration of the skin or muscous membranes resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood." "what are the signs and symptoms of optimal gas exchange? - CORRECT ANSWER ventilation diffusion perfusion gas transport" "what are the signs and symptoms of impaired gas exchange? - CORRECT ANSWER - hypoxemia - abnormal breathing patterns - abnormal arterial blood gasses - restlessness - cyanosis - dyspnea - coughing and nasal flaring hypoxia" "what are the risk factors of impaired gas exchange in an older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER - chest wall becomes stiffer and loss of elastic recoil --> reduced ventilation - reduced strength of respiratory muscles --> reduced coughing (protective mechanism) - less elastic and more fibrous alveoli --> reduced diffusion - increased respiratory dead space --> reduced diffusion - reduction in erythrocytes --> reduced oxygen transportation - lowered immune response --> more prone to infection" "What is emphysema? - CORRECT ANSWER loss of lung elasticity and abnormal enlargement of airspace" "what is chronic bronchitis? - CORRECT ANSWER airflow limitation caused by inflammation and mucus hyper secretion in response to chronic irritation" "when is an older adult considered to be aging well? - CORRECT ANSWER when they are achieving self-integration of all aspects of aging" "what is the scope of perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER optimal impaired no perfusion" "define infarction - CORRECT ANSWER no blood supply to the tissues or organs --> cell death" "Define blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWER the force that blood exerts against a vessel wall" "what is peripheral resistance? - CORRECT ANSWER resistance of the arteries to blood flow" "why are older adults more at risk for impaired perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER - arterial stiffness --> increases myocardium work load - CO decreases due to decreased strength/stroke volume - high salt - medications - less mobility" "what are the signs and symptoms of emphysema? - CORRECT ANSWER "pink puffer" - dyspnea - minimal cough - increased minute ventilation - pink skin - pursed-lip breathing - accessory muscle use - hyperinflation, barrel chest - decreased breath sounds - tachypnea - cachexia" "What is secondary hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER Elevated BP with a specific cause adrenal disorders --> pheochromocytoma; neoplasia of the adrenal cortex coarctation of the aorta oral contraceptive drugs + illicit drugs kidney disease and atherosclerosis" "What is pheochromocytoma? - CORRECT ANSWER tumor of the adrenal medulla" "what is mean arterial pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER average blood pressure in a persons blood vessels during a single cardiac cycle --> important because it measures the pressure necessary for adequate perfusion to the organs" "what is the purpose of perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER Deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and waste products" "what factors influence central perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER HR x SV = CO heart rate (HR) = nerves and hormones stroke volume (SV) = blood volume and vascular resistance --> congenital defects" "what factors influence peripheral (tissue) perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. blood pressure (BP)/ mean arterial pressure 2. blood volume --> edema --> obesity" "define central perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER flow of blood to and from the heart" "define peripheral tissue perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER flow of blood through arteries and capillaries to target tissues" "what are the symptoms of hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER dizziness, irregular heartbeat, nausea, vomiting, fainting, fatigue" "what are some primary preventions for COPD? - CORRECT ANSWER education --> lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, avoidance of smoking)" "what are some secondary preventions for COPD? - CORRECT ANSWER screening for COPD" "what are some tertiary managements for COPD? - CORRECT ANSWER pharmacologic treatment oxygen therapy" "What is centrilobular emphysema? - CORRECT ANSWER most common form of emphysema strongly associated with cigarette smoking" "What is panacinar emphysema? - CORRECT ANSWER AAT deficiency, damaged bronchioles and alveoli together" "what are the risk factors of COPD? - CORRECT ANSWER -cigarette smoking -occupational chemicals and dust -air pollution -infection -heredity -aging" "What is the transtheoretical model of change? - CORRECT ANSWER A model used to determine a patient's willingness to change: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination" "What is the pre-contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of change? - CORRECT ANSWER not even considering change" "What is the contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of change? - CORRECT ANSWER mixed feelings about making change" "What is the preparation stage of the transtheoretical model of change? - CORRECT ANSWER taking changes to implement changes" "What is the action stage of the transtheoretical model of change? - CORRECT ANSWER actively involved in the change process" "What is the maintenance stage of the transtheoretical model of change? - CORRECT ANSWER sustaining the target behaviour" "what is hypercapnea? - CORRECT ANSWER increase in CO2 in blood; high PaCO2 --> chronic bronchitis due to mucus traps not allowing CO2 to leave" "What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)? - CORRECT ANSWER average pressure in the arteries throughout the cardiac cycle" "what influences PVR? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. vessel diameter 2. blood viscosity 3. vessel elasticity/compliance" "how does vessel diameter affect PVR? - CORRECT ANSWER if the vessel diameter is constricted (vasoconstriction by the SNS) then there is more pressure on the vessel walls as the blood goes through --> increase in PVR" "how does blood viscosity affect PVR? - CORRECT ANSWER if an individual is dehydrated, their blood thickens --> increasing PVR" "how does vessel compliance affect PVR? - CORRECT ANSWER if the vessel has plaque (aging, fibrin, obesity) then the compliance decreases not compensating for blood flow in the vessel --> increases PVR" "what are some causes and consequences of impaired central and peripheral perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER peripheral: - ischemia: decrease in function of organs central: - ischemia: decreasing of heart functioning, decreased cardiac output" "what are the three regulations of blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. autoregulation/local regulation 2. neural regulation 3. hormonal regulation" "what are examples of organs with good autoregulatory behaviour? - CORRECT ANSWER kidney, brain and heart" "what is autoregulation/local regulation of blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER intrinsic compensatory mechanisms in the body - nitric oxide: vasodilator - metabolic stress signals (CO2, H+, adenosine) - myogenic regulation in response to local blood pressure" "what is the neural regulation of blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER changes in the blood pressure are detected by receptors and sent to the brainstem to respond 1. increase in mean arterial pressure 2. baroreceptors detect the increase 3. send signal to the medulla 4. medulla either causes vasoconstriction or vasodilation High BP: vasodilation and reduced heart rate Low BP: vasoconstriction and increased heart rate" "what is the hormonal regulation of blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS) - renin released due to low blood pressure - angiotensin I --> angiotensin II - angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor that triggers aldosterone - aldosterone is released and promotes salt and water retention Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone, ADH) - respond to decreased blood pressure - vasoconstrictor - increases blood volume and pressure Epinephrine and Norepinephrine - constrict most blood vessels but dilate blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscles" "what are the clinical manifestations of hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER heart and vessels: - left ventricular hypertrophy - angina - heart attack/failure - atherscelorsis - aneurysm Kidneys: nephropathy/failure Brain: stroke Eyes:retinopathy" "what is left ventricular hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWER condition in which the muscle wall of a hearts left ventricle becomes enlarged due to an increased workload from high arterial pressure --> blood pumping becomes less efficient --> risk for coronary heart disease, dysrhythmias, sudden death, congestive heart failure" "what is hypertensive nephropathy (nephrosclerosis)? - CORRECT ANSWER benign nephrosclerosis occurs with age - high renal blood pressure causes endothelial and smooth muscle dysfunction - kidneys are smaller with a rough, grandular surface from patchy ischemic atrophy malignant nephrosclerosis: - blood pressure exceeds 180/120 mmHg - changes activate RAAS, causing a viscious cycle of elevated BP - onionskin-like hyperplasia of afferent arterioles - damage to the endothelium and smooth muscle cells, plasma protein and fibrin deposition" "what is hypertensive retinopathy? - CORRECT ANSWER damage to retinal blood vessels from longstanding high blood pressure - retinal arterioles become thicker and stiller, less blood flow = copper wiring thickening of venular wall = arteriovenous (AV) nicking nerve fiber infarction and intra-anoxonal accumulation = cotton-wool spot leakage from damaged vasculature = exudates and disc edema" "what is hypertensive encephalopathy? - CORRECT ANSWER hypertensive emergency!!! often occurs with sudden, acute rise in BP - chronic hypertension or severe hypertension (more than 180/120) can lead to hemorrhagic stroke - rupture of aneurysm - usually onset with headache, vomiting, trouble with balance, confusion, and rapid loss of consciousness" "What is polycythemia? - CORRECT ANSWER too many red blood cells" "What are the social determinants of health? - CORRECT ANSWER -neighborhood and built environment -health and health care -social and community context -education -economic stability" "what are modifiable and non-modifiable social determinants of health? - CORRECT ANSWER modifiable: - social environment - education and literacy - employment non-modifiable: - income - gender - culture - genetics - healthy childhood development (if older adult)" "what is population health? - CORRECT ANSWER Aims to improve health inequalities by examining and acting upon a broad range of factors and conditions that determine health" "define incidence - CORRECT ANSWER The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time." "Define prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time" "Define morbidity - CORRECT ANSWER proportion of population with disease" "Define mortality - CORRECT ANSWER the incidence of death in a population" "what is the community perspective? - CORRECT ANSWER word of mouth; what is accessible; media" "how do employment and working conditions impact health? - CORRECT ANSWER no job can lead to higher rates of stress, mental health issues, and poverty --> lack of resources from low income" "how does the social environment impact health? - CORRECT ANSWER ( support and resources available in the community) - lack of social environment can lead to isolation and poor mental health which can cause bad health behaviours" "what are examples of physical environments that can impact health? - CORRECT ANSWER air quality/pollution, water, food, housing, natural disasters (hurricanes, droughts, floods), accessibility to human-built resources (playgrounds, workplaces, public transport)" "how does personal health practices and coping skills impact health? - CORRECT ANSWER can prevent diseases and enhance health --> good self-care and coping mechanisms for stress" "how can child development impact health? - CORRECT ANSWER lack of exposures and experiences can prevent future diseases --> no exposure to second hand smoking, emotional, social and educational needs are met" "how does our genetics and biology impact health? - CORRECT ANSWER can predispose us to certain illnesses --> sickle cell anemia" "What is the web of causation? - CORRECT ANSWER schematic of how agents work together to cause disease --> multiple contributors" "what is primary prevention? - CORRECT ANSWER activities seek to prevent the occurrence of a disease or injury --> administering individual and mass immunizations -->organizing community vaccination programs for influenza --> educating a community about the importance of handwashing to prevent the spread of infection." "what is secondary prevention? - CORRECT ANSWER seek to detect a disease early in its progression; before clinical signs and symptoms become apparent, to make a diagnosis and begin treatment --> health screening programs to assess vision and hearing or to detect breast cancer, cervical cancer, hypertension, and scoliosis." "what is tertiary prevention? - CORRECT ANSWER after the condition has occurred; the goals are to interrupt the course of the disease, reduce the amount of disability that might occur, and begin rehabilitation --> cardiac rehabilitation at a local wellness center for groups of clients who have been recently discharged from hospital following a cardiovascular event" "what is involved in chronic disease management (CDM)? - CORRECT ANSWER -> ongoing, planned, and integrated approach within an easily navigated system -> multidisciplinary approach -> health promotion and disease prevention strategies ->Patients should also be responsible for their control of health" "Define growth and development - CORRECT ANSWER Sequence of physical, psychosocial & cognitive developmental changes that take place over the human lifespan" "what are some growth and development risk factors in older adults? - CORRECT ANSWER genetics, prenatal factors, family factors, determinants of health, health status, toxic stress" "what is the stochastic theory? - CORRECT ANSWER aging is based on random events that cause cellular damage that accumulate as organism ages" "What is the nonstochastic theory? - CORRECT ANSWER predetermined by age --> grey hair, menopause" "What is Erickson's psychosocial theory? - CORRECT ANSWER Humans develop in 8 different stages *8. Maturity (65-death)* - ego integrity vs. despair - reflection of life" "what is the older adult stage in Erickson's theory? - CORRECT ANSWER reflect on their lives until satisfaction or regret (integrity vs. despair) can be fixated on a certain stage in their life that they felt wasn't completed" "what are some psychosocial changes that can occur with growth and development of the older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER family changes --> death in family retirement --> can be positive if they have a social circle awareness of one's own mortality widowhood changes in income shrinking social world" "what are some functional changes that can occur with growth and development of the older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER capacity to perform day-to-day activities of daily living --> decrease in ADL's are linked to illness or disease --> performance of ADL's are sensitive indicator of health or illness" "what are physiological head and neck changes that can occur with growth and development of the older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER - more pronounced facial features due to loss of subcutaneous fat - visual acuity declines - night vision declines - hearing loss" "what are physiological thorax and lungs changes that can occur with growth and development of the older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER -respiratory muscle strength decreases - calcification of costal cartilage - kyphosis caused by osteoporosis" "what are physiological heart and vascular changes that can occur with growth and development of the older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER -decreased CO caused by reduced strength of myocardium - BP becomes abnormal (hyper/hypotension) -peripheral pulse becomes weaker" "what are physiological changes in breasts that can occur with growth and development of the older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER - sag down due to decreased muscle mass/elasticity - atrophy of glandular tissue - gynecomastia (enlarged breasts in men) due to medications, hormonal changes or obesity - increased risk of breast cancer" "what are physiological GI and abdominal changes that can occur with growth and development of the older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER - increased deposition of fatty tissue in trunk - muscle tone is reduced - reduced secretions and peristalsis (constipation, diarrhea, cramping) - food intolerances" "what are physiological reproductive changes that can occur with growth and development of the older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER - menopause (decrease in estrogen and progesterone)" "what are physiological urinary changes that can occur with growth and development of the older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER - hypertrophy of prostate gland - UTI's - urinary incontinence (stress incontinence caused by reduced bladder muscles)" "what are physiological musculoskeletal changes that can occur with growth and development of the older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER - muscle fibers decrease in size resulting in decreased strength - muscle is replaced with fat" "what are physiological neurological changes that can occur with growth and development of the older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER - decreased number of neurons - decreased coordination/motor control - sleep disruptions (melatonin)" "what are some reliable websites that produce credible clinical practice guidelines? - CORRECT ANSWER BCCNM; CNA; NNPBC" "what is capacity building? - CORRECT ANSWER process of empowering others and strengthening their capabilities --> involves human resource and skill development, leadership, partnership, resource allocation and policy formulation" "what are the components of capacity building? - CORRECT ANSWER health promotion; client teaching and health education; chronic disease management; population health" "Define health literacy - CORRECT ANSWER ability to read, understand, and act on health information" "what are the domains of learning? - CORRECT ANSWER cognition: discussion, storytelling, lecture, question and answer, role play and discovery, independent projects affective: role play, discussion (1:1 and group) psychomotor: demonstrate, practice, return demonstrations, independent projects and games" "what are the first 3 A's in the 5A's learning method? - CORRECT ANSWER Assess: knowledge skills, confidence, importance the client assigns to health issue, their supports, and the presence of barriers and risk factors Advise: provide specific personalized information about health risks and benefits of change - Teach back method - Ask tell ask Ask: - how important do you think it is to check your BG before breakfast each day?" "Define perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER the flow of blood through arteries and capillaries delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells" "what are the components of a focused perfusion assessment? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. client or health history data : history of heart disease, hypertension, medications, lifestyle (diet, active, smoker, alcohol) 2. physical examination: objective data (BP, HR, blood sugar, for cause of problem) 3. diagnostic tests: multiple BP tests, ECG, blood work (cholesterol), CT scan, MRI, urine output" "what are the methods of a focused perfusion assessment? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. inspection: sense of sight, what did you see and observe? Personal grooming, color of your patient (pale or bluish?), is there another condition affecting appearance? 2. palpitation: we use our hands/sense of touch, we want to check temperature with the back of hand (are they warm or cold? Check legs and arms, pulses), consistencies and comparison in size 3. percussion: sound -- tapping fingers on clients body to check for consistency 4. auscultation: stethoscope to check heart/chest, abdomen, bowels 5. communication: cognitive (changes of condition), what we are going to be doing/going to do, ask questions to get consent, asking family about changes, health care providers" "define peripheral perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER flow of blood through arteries and capillaries to target tissues" "what are signs of optimal perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER proper colour of skin (pinkish), less than 3 seconds for capillary refill, not fatigued, normal baseline for BP, good bowel movements" "what are signs of impaired perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER pale/cyanotic skin colour, threading pulse, bounding pulse, low or high BP compared to baseline, cold/numb skin, dizziness, SOB, fatigued" "what is the normal BP range for an older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER 130-139/80-89" "what are examples of target organs that can be damaged due to uncontrolled hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER kidney (nephropathy, kidney failure) eyes (vision loss) brain (stroke) heart (heart failure, myocardial infarction)" "what are the factors that can influence cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance? - CORRECT ANSWER - force of contraction - heart rate - heavy exercise - blood viscosity - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system --> SNS: speeds up rate, increases contractibility, speeds conduction through the AV node - end diastolic volume - venous return (blood back to the right atrium)" "what factors can affect a BP reading? - CORRECT ANSWER - caffeine - exercise - pain - faulty equipment - full bowel - medications - poor assessment techniques by staff" "What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system? (RAAS) - CORRECT ANSWER - renin released due to low blood pressure - angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor - aldosterone promotes Na+ and water retention (increase in blood load --> increase BP)" "vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) - CORRECT ANSWER - responds to decreased blood pressure - vasoconstrictor - increases BP" "epinephrine and norepinephrine - CORRECT ANSWER - constricts most blood vessels but dilates blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscles --> increased BP" "define gas exchange - CORRECT ANSWER the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from cells" "what are the consequences of impaired gas exchange? - CORRECT ANSWER compensation -> hyperventilation hypoxemia hypercapnia dyspnea cyanosis hypoxic injury anoxia" "Define health - CORRECT ANSWER a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" "define community health - CORRECT ANSWER the health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health" "what is the chain of infection? - CORRECT ANSWER infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host -> infection develops if chain remains intact" "what is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? - CORRECT ANSWER group of chronic progressive diseases characterized by airflow obstruction -> 2 distinct diseases within: emphysema and chronic bronchitis" "what factors can reduce airflow in the respiratory system? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. radius of the airway (reduced radius --> reduced airflow) 2. number of parallel paths in the airway (less parallel paths --> more resistance to flow)" "What is the epidemiology of COPD? - CORRECT ANSWER - prevalence among men - increase in women developing COPD due to increase in women smoking - 4th common cause of death in canada" "what are the risk factors for COPD? - CORRECT ANSWER smoking tobocco --> 80-90% of people with COPD have a history of smoking genetics: inherited alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency inhalation of irritants: occupation dust (painters, welders) and chemical fumes; air-pollution; second-hand smoking frequent childhood respiratory infections aging" "Define tachypnea - CORRECT ANSWER rapid breathing" "Define cachexia - CORRECT ANSWER The weight loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occur in chronic disease" "what are the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis? - CORRECT ANSWER "blue bloater" - chronic, productive cough - purulent sputum - hemoptysis - mild dyspnea initially - cyanosis - peripheral edema - crackles, wheezes - prolonged expiration - obese" "define hemoptysis - CORRECT ANSWER coughing up blood" "what are the complications that arise from emphysema? - CORRECT ANSWER - pneumothorax due to bullae - weight loss due to work of breathing" "what are the complications of chronic bronchitis? - CORRECT ANSWER - secondary polycythemia vera due to hypoxemia - pulmonary hypertension due to reactive vasoconstriction from hypoxemia - cor pulmonale from chronic pulmonary hypertension" "What is cor pulmonale? What causes it? - CORRECT ANSWER enlargement and failure of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased vascular resistance or high blood pressure in the lungs" "what is primary hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER elevated BP without an identified cause non-modifiable: age; males and African ancestry more likely to get hypertension; family history and genetics modifiable: high dietary sodium, fat and cholesterol; smoking, alcohol consumption; fitness level; obesity/metabolic syndrome; psychological stress"