D265 CRITICAL THINKING REASON AND
EVIDENCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS (GRADED
A+)
Proposition
Definition:
A statement that can be either true or false.
Example: "Lunch is the most important meal of the day." (This can be evaluated as
true or false.)
Non-proposition
Definition:
Sentences that cannot be true or false. These are typically questions, commands, or
exclamations.
Example: "Let's go to lunch." (This is a suggestion or request, not a statement of
fact.)
Complex Proposition
Definition:
A proposition composed of simpler propositions. To determine the truth of a
complex proposition, you must evaluate the truth of its component parts. These
propositions have internal logical structure.
Example: "I am hungry and I want to go to lunch."
"I am hungry" and "I want to go to lunch" are simple propositions that
combine to form a complex one.
Argument
Definition:
An inference from at least one premise to a conclusion. An argument involves
,propositions, where the conclusion is supported by the premise(s).
Example:
"Apples are healthy. Therefore, you should eat apples."
In this case, the premise is "Apples are healthy," and the conclusion is "you
should eat apples."
Premise
Definition:
A proposition that provides support for a conclusion in an argument.
Example: In the argument "Apples are healthy. Therefore, you should eat apples,"
the premise is "Apples are healthy."
Conclusion
Definition:
The proposition that is supported by one or more premises in an argument.
Example: In the argument "Apples are healthy. Therefore, you should eat apples,"
the conclusion is "you should eat apples."
Deductive Argument
Definition:
An argument meant to provide decisive support for its conclusion. In a deductive
argument, if the premises are true, the conclusion necessarily follows.
Example:
"If someone eats apples, then they will be healthy. Bo eats apples. Therefore,
Bo will be healthy."
The conclusion follows directly from the premises.
Inductive argument
, An inductive argument is an argument that is meant to provide probable support
for its conclusion. In other words, in an inductive argument, the conclusion is
intended to follow as a matter of chance or probability. EX: 72% of survey
respondents liked the apples. From this we can infer that the majority of Americans
like these apples.
Define Valid
A deductive argument is sound if it is valid and it has true premises
Define Invalid
A deductive argument is invalid if we assume that the premises are true and the
conclusion does NOT follow necessarily
Define Sound
A deductive argument is sound if it is valid and it has true premises.
Define Unsound
A deductive argument is unsound if it is invalid or if it is a valid argument with at
least one false premise.
Define strong
EVIDENCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS (GRADED
A+)
Proposition
Definition:
A statement that can be either true or false.
Example: "Lunch is the most important meal of the day." (This can be evaluated as
true or false.)
Non-proposition
Definition:
Sentences that cannot be true or false. These are typically questions, commands, or
exclamations.
Example: "Let's go to lunch." (This is a suggestion or request, not a statement of
fact.)
Complex Proposition
Definition:
A proposition composed of simpler propositions. To determine the truth of a
complex proposition, you must evaluate the truth of its component parts. These
propositions have internal logical structure.
Example: "I am hungry and I want to go to lunch."
"I am hungry" and "I want to go to lunch" are simple propositions that
combine to form a complex one.
Argument
Definition:
An inference from at least one premise to a conclusion. An argument involves
,propositions, where the conclusion is supported by the premise(s).
Example:
"Apples are healthy. Therefore, you should eat apples."
In this case, the premise is "Apples are healthy," and the conclusion is "you
should eat apples."
Premise
Definition:
A proposition that provides support for a conclusion in an argument.
Example: In the argument "Apples are healthy. Therefore, you should eat apples,"
the premise is "Apples are healthy."
Conclusion
Definition:
The proposition that is supported by one or more premises in an argument.
Example: In the argument "Apples are healthy. Therefore, you should eat apples,"
the conclusion is "you should eat apples."
Deductive Argument
Definition:
An argument meant to provide decisive support for its conclusion. In a deductive
argument, if the premises are true, the conclusion necessarily follows.
Example:
"If someone eats apples, then they will be healthy. Bo eats apples. Therefore,
Bo will be healthy."
The conclusion follows directly from the premises.
Inductive argument
, An inductive argument is an argument that is meant to provide probable support
for its conclusion. In other words, in an inductive argument, the conclusion is
intended to follow as a matter of chance or probability. EX: 72% of survey
respondents liked the apples. From this we can infer that the majority of Americans
like these apples.
Define Valid
A deductive argument is sound if it is valid and it has true premises
Define Invalid
A deductive argument is invalid if we assume that the premises are true and the
conclusion does NOT follow necessarily
Define Sound
A deductive argument is sound if it is valid and it has true premises.
Define Unsound
A deductive argument is unsound if it is invalid or if it is a valid argument with at
least one false premise.
Define strong
