Genitourinary - Urinary Stone Disease and Bladder Cancer
1. Who is nephrolithiasis MC in?: - MC in white men 30-50 y/o
2. What area is nephrolithiasis MC in?: - MC in Southeastern US
3. If someone has a history of forming kidney stones, are they more likely to
form one again?: - YES
4. What medications are RFs for nephrolithiasis?: - carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- systemic corticosteroids
- antiretroviral protease inhibitors
- gout medications
- diuretics
- decongestants and laxative abuse
5. What medical conditions/history is a RF for nephrolithiasis?: - GI malabsorption
disorders (Crohn's/gastric bypass surgery)
- DM 2
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
,- history of previous stone
- HTN
- gout
- CVD
- gall bladder disease
- CKD
- hypercalciuria from large amounts of salt intake
- inadequate hydration
- genetics
- sedentary lifestyle and obesity
6. What temperature and time is a RF for nephrolithiasis?: - elevated temperatures and
high humidity
- summer months
7. Why does calcium absorption in the gut decrease with increased dietary
calcium?: - saturation and decreased eflcacy with active transport of calcium, which leads to less stones
8. What are the 5 types of kidney stones?: - Calcium Oxalate
- Calcium Phosphate
, - Calcium + Uric acid
- Calcium + Citrate
9. Where do we get oxalate from?: - byproduct of metabolism of food mostly in green leafy plants
10. When does oxalate uptake and excretion change?: - both increase when we eat
11. What is the function of phosphate and where is it reabsorbed?: - normally acts as
a buffer in our blood
- reabsorbed in the PCT
12. How do bowel disorders affect the level of oxalate?: - hyperoxaluria is present in patients
with bowel disorders like IBD and colonic/small bowel resections
13. What is the function of phosphate in our body?: - normally acts as a buffer (PO4-) in our
blood but is reabsorbed in the PCT
14. How does hyperparathyroidism affect phosphate levels?: - parathyroid hormone
blocks reabsorption in the PCT
15. How does phosphate form kidney stones?: - has an aflnity to bind to calcium in the renal
collecting system to form calcium-phosphate stone
1. Who is nephrolithiasis MC in?: - MC in white men 30-50 y/o
2. What area is nephrolithiasis MC in?: - MC in Southeastern US
3. If someone has a history of forming kidney stones, are they more likely to
form one again?: - YES
4. What medications are RFs for nephrolithiasis?: - carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- systemic corticosteroids
- antiretroviral protease inhibitors
- gout medications
- diuretics
- decongestants and laxative abuse
5. What medical conditions/history is a RF for nephrolithiasis?: - GI malabsorption
disorders (Crohn's/gastric bypass surgery)
- DM 2
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
,- history of previous stone
- HTN
- gout
- CVD
- gall bladder disease
- CKD
- hypercalciuria from large amounts of salt intake
- inadequate hydration
- genetics
- sedentary lifestyle and obesity
6. What temperature and time is a RF for nephrolithiasis?: - elevated temperatures and
high humidity
- summer months
7. Why does calcium absorption in the gut decrease with increased dietary
calcium?: - saturation and decreased eflcacy with active transport of calcium, which leads to less stones
8. What are the 5 types of kidney stones?: - Calcium Oxalate
- Calcium Phosphate
, - Calcium + Uric acid
- Calcium + Citrate
9. Where do we get oxalate from?: - byproduct of metabolism of food mostly in green leafy plants
10. When does oxalate uptake and excretion change?: - both increase when we eat
11. What is the function of phosphate and where is it reabsorbed?: - normally acts as
a buffer in our blood
- reabsorbed in the PCT
12. How do bowel disorders affect the level of oxalate?: - hyperoxaluria is present in patients
with bowel disorders like IBD and colonic/small bowel resections
13. What is the function of phosphate in our body?: - normally acts as a buffer (PO4-) in our
blood but is reabsorbed in the PCT
14. How does hyperparathyroidism affect phosphate levels?: - parathyroid hormone
blocks reabsorption in the PCT
15. How does phosphate form kidney stones?: - has an aflnity to bind to calcium in the renal
collecting system to form calcium-phosphate stone
