UWSA1 REVIEW – Questions With Accurate
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Terms in this set (230)
Which part of the cardiac The AV node has the slowest conduction velocity (~0.05
conduction system has the m/s) to delay ventricular contraction and allow the atria
slowest conduction time to empty their blood into the ventricles.
velocity, and why?
What is the most common Mature cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst) — benign germ
ovarian tumor in women cell tumor containing multiple tissue types (e.g., hair,
aged 10-30? teeth, thyroid).
Are mature cystic Asymptomatic — often found incidentally on imaging.
teratomas typically Can cause mass effect or ovarian torsion if large.
symptomatic or
asymptomatic?
What is the most common Ovarian torsion due to mass effect and weight of the
complication of a mature tumor.
cystic teratoma?
How do mature cystic Teratomas: Usually asymptomatic
teratomas differ from
endometriomas in terms of Endometriomas: Cause cyclic pelvic pain that's often
symptoms? unresponsive to NSAIDs or OCPs
Influenza (viral):
Sudden onset fever, myalgias, malaise
Nonproductive cough
No exudates, lymphadenopathy, or crackles
How do you recognize Recent contact with similar illness
influenza (viral) vs bacterial Positive nasopharyngeal swab
respiratory infection in a Treated with oseltamivir (↓ symptom duration)
young adult?
Bacterial clues:
Productive cough, purulent sputum
Tonsillar exudates, cervical LAD
Lung findings (e.g. crackles, egophony)
,What is the mechanism of Inhibit influenza neuraminidase, preventing release of
action of oseltamivir and progeny virions.
zanamivir?
Treatment and prevention of influenza A and B. Must
What is the clinical use of
start within 48 hours of symptom onset to reduce illness
oseltamivir/zanamivir?
duration.
Guanosine analogs → monophosphorylated by
HSV/VZV thymidine kinase, then converted to
What is the mechanism of triphosphate by host enzymes → inhibit viral DNA
action of acyclovir, polymerase by chain termination.
valacyclovir, and
famciclovir? think of it as making a CYCLOne in viral DNA
polymerase, where a (phosphate) tail sort of stems from
the eye of the cyclone and DESTROYS the polymerase
Why are acyclovir, They require activation by viral thymidine kinase, which
valacyclovir, and is only present in infected cells.
famciclovir selectively
toxic?
What are the adverse Crystalline nephropathy and acute kidney injury if not
effects of acyclovir? adequately hydrated.
Why are foscarnet and Because both selectively inhibit viral DNA polymerase
cidofovir classified WITHOUT REQUIRING kinase activation.
together?
Foscarnet is a pyroFOSphate analogue, and destroys
virtually ALL polymerases: think F for fire, fire to all
What are the most high-
polymerases, and PYRO - pyrotechnics - fire again
yield differences between
foscarnet and cidofovir?
CIDofovir must be co-administered with probeneCID to
prevent nephrotoxicity
What do all the HCV Inhibit viral RNA replication
antivirals do pretty much?
If it ends with PREvir - think preview, like how 3 and 4
are BEFORE 5 - hence NS3/4A inhibitors
What HCV antivirals do I
need to know? If it ends with pAsvir - think NS5A
If it ends with Buvir - think NS5B
, A sensitive indicator of APOPTOSIS.
What is DNA laddering? FRAGMENTATION of DNA into 180 base pairs
withdrawing interleukins causes programmed cell death
Does something No, it could just mean that the stimulus for contraction is
contracting less mean that being BLOCKED.
it's relaxing more?
How do They prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading
acetylcholinesterase to prolonged stimulation of muscarinic receptors. This
inhibitors enhance the amplifies the effect of muscarinic agonists.
effect of muscarinic
agonists?
It's a muscarinic antagonist.
It INCREASES heart rate (thereby treating bradycardia)
What do I need to know
First line treatment for AChE poisoning - basically
about atropine?
organophosphate comes from pesticides and it
IRREVERSIBLY inhibits AChE, which would ordinarily
degrade ACh - causes cholinergic TOXICITY - so
atropine reverses this by being an ANTI-muscarinic.
It's a muscarinic antagonists
What do I need to know
about benztropine? Treats COGWHEEL RIGIDITY in Parkinson's disease.
Basically treat acute dystonia.
They are muscarinic antagonists
What do I need to know
about
Treatment for mostly for COPD by REDUCING
Ipatropium/Tiotropium?
bronchoconstriction.
It's a muscarinic antagonist
Treatment for urge incontinence (detrusor muscle is
What do I need to know OVERactive).
about Oxybutinin?
You're peeing prematurely, urine leaks out before you
make it to the toilet. Bladder needs to chill tf out, relax.
Use Oxybutinin, turn that bladder OFF.
, Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bronchoconstriction
Bradycardia
Excitation
What does DUMBBELSS Lacrimation
stand for? Salivation
Sweating
clutch mnemonic for cholinergic effects, anti-
muscarinics do the opposite of these things: so think dry
as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter, or even: can't
see, can't pee, can't spit, can't shit.
It's a muscarinic antagonist
What do I need to know
about Scopolamine? it treats MOTION SICKNESS - picture you are on a
rocky ship with the captain holding a teleSCOPe.
What is the difference NMS - Muscle rigidity AND fever
between NMS and Acute
dystonia? Acute dystonia - Muscle rigidity and NO fever
What is something really They all have really strong ANTI-CHOLINERGIC
important to keep in mind EFFECTS
about TCAs, H1-blockers
(first gen antihistamines),
and anti-psychotics?
What is the MOA of a TCA, TCAs are serotonin/NE reuptake inhibitors - an example
and gimme an example of of one is Amitriptyline
one.
They blocker Histamine 1 receptors (duh) - an example
What is the MOA of an H1-
includes diphenhydramine - any drug with 'phen' and
blocker, and gimme an
'amine' in it simultaneously, its a first gen
example of one.
ANTIHISTAMINE!
It's an anti-psychotic (D2 antagonist) - SE include anti-
What is the MOA of
cholinergic, anti-H1 (sedation), and ANTI-a1 effects
Prochlorperazine?
(orthostatic hypotension).
Atropine alternatives? Pralidoxime, and Jimson weed.
Solutions
Save
Terms in this set (230)
Which part of the cardiac The AV node has the slowest conduction velocity (~0.05
conduction system has the m/s) to delay ventricular contraction and allow the atria
slowest conduction time to empty their blood into the ventricles.
velocity, and why?
What is the most common Mature cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst) — benign germ
ovarian tumor in women cell tumor containing multiple tissue types (e.g., hair,
aged 10-30? teeth, thyroid).
Are mature cystic Asymptomatic — often found incidentally on imaging.
teratomas typically Can cause mass effect or ovarian torsion if large.
symptomatic or
asymptomatic?
What is the most common Ovarian torsion due to mass effect and weight of the
complication of a mature tumor.
cystic teratoma?
How do mature cystic Teratomas: Usually asymptomatic
teratomas differ from
endometriomas in terms of Endometriomas: Cause cyclic pelvic pain that's often
symptoms? unresponsive to NSAIDs or OCPs
Influenza (viral):
Sudden onset fever, myalgias, malaise
Nonproductive cough
No exudates, lymphadenopathy, or crackles
How do you recognize Recent contact with similar illness
influenza (viral) vs bacterial Positive nasopharyngeal swab
respiratory infection in a Treated with oseltamivir (↓ symptom duration)
young adult?
Bacterial clues:
Productive cough, purulent sputum
Tonsillar exudates, cervical LAD
Lung findings (e.g. crackles, egophony)
,What is the mechanism of Inhibit influenza neuraminidase, preventing release of
action of oseltamivir and progeny virions.
zanamivir?
Treatment and prevention of influenza A and B. Must
What is the clinical use of
start within 48 hours of symptom onset to reduce illness
oseltamivir/zanamivir?
duration.
Guanosine analogs → monophosphorylated by
HSV/VZV thymidine kinase, then converted to
What is the mechanism of triphosphate by host enzymes → inhibit viral DNA
action of acyclovir, polymerase by chain termination.
valacyclovir, and
famciclovir? think of it as making a CYCLOne in viral DNA
polymerase, where a (phosphate) tail sort of stems from
the eye of the cyclone and DESTROYS the polymerase
Why are acyclovir, They require activation by viral thymidine kinase, which
valacyclovir, and is only present in infected cells.
famciclovir selectively
toxic?
What are the adverse Crystalline nephropathy and acute kidney injury if not
effects of acyclovir? adequately hydrated.
Why are foscarnet and Because both selectively inhibit viral DNA polymerase
cidofovir classified WITHOUT REQUIRING kinase activation.
together?
Foscarnet is a pyroFOSphate analogue, and destroys
virtually ALL polymerases: think F for fire, fire to all
What are the most high-
polymerases, and PYRO - pyrotechnics - fire again
yield differences between
foscarnet and cidofovir?
CIDofovir must be co-administered with probeneCID to
prevent nephrotoxicity
What do all the HCV Inhibit viral RNA replication
antivirals do pretty much?
If it ends with PREvir - think preview, like how 3 and 4
are BEFORE 5 - hence NS3/4A inhibitors
What HCV antivirals do I
need to know? If it ends with pAsvir - think NS5A
If it ends with Buvir - think NS5B
, A sensitive indicator of APOPTOSIS.
What is DNA laddering? FRAGMENTATION of DNA into 180 base pairs
withdrawing interleukins causes programmed cell death
Does something No, it could just mean that the stimulus for contraction is
contracting less mean that being BLOCKED.
it's relaxing more?
How do They prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading
acetylcholinesterase to prolonged stimulation of muscarinic receptors. This
inhibitors enhance the amplifies the effect of muscarinic agonists.
effect of muscarinic
agonists?
It's a muscarinic antagonist.
It INCREASES heart rate (thereby treating bradycardia)
What do I need to know
First line treatment for AChE poisoning - basically
about atropine?
organophosphate comes from pesticides and it
IRREVERSIBLY inhibits AChE, which would ordinarily
degrade ACh - causes cholinergic TOXICITY - so
atropine reverses this by being an ANTI-muscarinic.
It's a muscarinic antagonists
What do I need to know
about benztropine? Treats COGWHEEL RIGIDITY in Parkinson's disease.
Basically treat acute dystonia.
They are muscarinic antagonists
What do I need to know
about
Treatment for mostly for COPD by REDUCING
Ipatropium/Tiotropium?
bronchoconstriction.
It's a muscarinic antagonist
Treatment for urge incontinence (detrusor muscle is
What do I need to know OVERactive).
about Oxybutinin?
You're peeing prematurely, urine leaks out before you
make it to the toilet. Bladder needs to chill tf out, relax.
Use Oxybutinin, turn that bladder OFF.
, Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bronchoconstriction
Bradycardia
Excitation
What does DUMBBELSS Lacrimation
stand for? Salivation
Sweating
clutch mnemonic for cholinergic effects, anti-
muscarinics do the opposite of these things: so think dry
as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter, or even: can't
see, can't pee, can't spit, can't shit.
It's a muscarinic antagonist
What do I need to know
about Scopolamine? it treats MOTION SICKNESS - picture you are on a
rocky ship with the captain holding a teleSCOPe.
What is the difference NMS - Muscle rigidity AND fever
between NMS and Acute
dystonia? Acute dystonia - Muscle rigidity and NO fever
What is something really They all have really strong ANTI-CHOLINERGIC
important to keep in mind EFFECTS
about TCAs, H1-blockers
(first gen antihistamines),
and anti-psychotics?
What is the MOA of a TCA, TCAs are serotonin/NE reuptake inhibitors - an example
and gimme an example of of one is Amitriptyline
one.
They blocker Histamine 1 receptors (duh) - an example
What is the MOA of an H1-
includes diphenhydramine - any drug with 'phen' and
blocker, and gimme an
'amine' in it simultaneously, its a first gen
example of one.
ANTIHISTAMINE!
It's an anti-psychotic (D2 antagonist) - SE include anti-
What is the MOA of
cholinergic, anti-H1 (sedation), and ANTI-a1 effects
Prochlorperazine?
(orthostatic hypotension).
Atropine alternatives? Pralidoxime, and Jimson weed.
