Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: form
o Gross anatomy
o Microscopic anatomy (histology)
o Comparative (big animals vs. small animals)
Physiology: body and organ function
Directional Anatomy- Anatomical Terminology
Median plane- middle of the animal top to bottom (divides the body into left and right)
Sagittal- any plane parallel to the median plane
Transverse planes- perpendicular to the median plane
Caudal end- caudal vertebrae, the hind end (tail) (posterior)
Cranial end- the skull or head end of the body (anterior)
Dorsal- back/upper surface of the animal
Ventral- belly/down away from the top line
Abduction- movement away from the median plane
Adduction- movement toward the median plane
Cutaneous- near or relating to the skin
Extension- straightening of the limbs and vertebral column
Flexion- bending of the limbs at the joints, and bending of the vertebral column
Lateral- away from the median plane
Medial- toward the median plane
Process- a projection or outgrowth (bones)
Proximal- applied to the limbs, toward the attached portion or major body mass
Distal- farthest from the major body mass
Superficial- toward the surface (right below the skin)
Transverse- a plane across the body at right angles to the median plane
Infra or Sub- below or beneath
Supra- above or superior
Inter-between (intermuscular) (interstate highway, goes between states)
Intra- within (only in the state)
Major Organelles of the Eukaryotic cell: protein structures
o Nucleus- control center that contains DNA (usually 1)
The blueprints to build things
o Plasma membrane- where the action is
Phospholipid (made of fats, that is why we are squishy)
o Cytoplasm- cell interior excluding nucleus
o Cytosol- semiliquid part of cytoplasm that is not organelles
, o Organelles- membrane-bound intracellular compartments
Endoplasmic reticulum: contains ribosomes (protein synthesis), produces lipids
and enzymes
Golgi complex- produces enzymes and hormones and packages them in
secretory vesicles; produces lysosomes (like an enzyme that helps break things
down)
Enzymes are proteins and they speed up digestion
Mitochondria- power plant
Generates adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)- the primary energy currency
in the cell
Skin (hide, pelt)
Exterior covering of the body
Largest organ of the body**
Layers
o Epidermis: outer layer of epithelial cells
Epithelial cells- touching the outside; "tube within a tube"; the digestive system
is covered in epithelial cells
o Dermis: connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph, nerves, glands, hair follicles
Functions of Skin
o Protection
o Temperature regulation (sweat, provides insulation, shivering): blood vessels help
change the temperature of the body to kill of the infection (this is during a fever)
o Responds to environment
o Secretion and excretion
Skeletal System
Skull, mandible, scapula (shoulder blade), vertebrae (cervical (Atlas C1 and axis C2), thoracic,
lumber, sacral, and caudal), tarsal bone (hock bone), ribs (costa),
Anatomy: form
o Gross anatomy
o Microscopic anatomy (histology)
o Comparative (big animals vs. small animals)
Physiology: body and organ function
Directional Anatomy- Anatomical Terminology
Median plane- middle of the animal top to bottom (divides the body into left and right)
Sagittal- any plane parallel to the median plane
Transverse planes- perpendicular to the median plane
Caudal end- caudal vertebrae, the hind end (tail) (posterior)
Cranial end- the skull or head end of the body (anterior)
Dorsal- back/upper surface of the animal
Ventral- belly/down away from the top line
Abduction- movement away from the median plane
Adduction- movement toward the median plane
Cutaneous- near or relating to the skin
Extension- straightening of the limbs and vertebral column
Flexion- bending of the limbs at the joints, and bending of the vertebral column
Lateral- away from the median plane
Medial- toward the median plane
Process- a projection or outgrowth (bones)
Proximal- applied to the limbs, toward the attached portion or major body mass
Distal- farthest from the major body mass
Superficial- toward the surface (right below the skin)
Transverse- a plane across the body at right angles to the median plane
Infra or Sub- below or beneath
Supra- above or superior
Inter-between (intermuscular) (interstate highway, goes between states)
Intra- within (only in the state)
Major Organelles of the Eukaryotic cell: protein structures
o Nucleus- control center that contains DNA (usually 1)
The blueprints to build things
o Plasma membrane- where the action is
Phospholipid (made of fats, that is why we are squishy)
o Cytoplasm- cell interior excluding nucleus
o Cytosol- semiliquid part of cytoplasm that is not organelles
, o Organelles- membrane-bound intracellular compartments
Endoplasmic reticulum: contains ribosomes (protein synthesis), produces lipids
and enzymes
Golgi complex- produces enzymes and hormones and packages them in
secretory vesicles; produces lysosomes (like an enzyme that helps break things
down)
Enzymes are proteins and they speed up digestion
Mitochondria- power plant
Generates adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)- the primary energy currency
in the cell
Skin (hide, pelt)
Exterior covering of the body
Largest organ of the body**
Layers
o Epidermis: outer layer of epithelial cells
Epithelial cells- touching the outside; "tube within a tube"; the digestive system
is covered in epithelial cells
o Dermis: connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph, nerves, glands, hair follicles
Functions of Skin
o Protection
o Temperature regulation (sweat, provides insulation, shivering): blood vessels help
change the temperature of the body to kill of the infection (this is during a fever)
o Responds to environment
o Secretion and excretion
Skeletal System
Skull, mandible, scapula (shoulder blade), vertebrae (cervical (Atlas C1 and axis C2), thoracic,
lumber, sacral, and caudal), tarsal bone (hock bone), ribs (costa),
