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Annotated Bibliography-Autism.

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Annotated Bibliography: Autism Spectrum Disorder This document is an Annotated Bibliography for a special education-related course, focusing on research concerning Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), learning challenges, and effective educational support strategies. The author, who has experience as a mainstream and special needs teacher, reflects on how the reviewed articles have significantly challenged and broadened their prior understanding of autism. Key Themes and Articles The bibliography is organized into units, each representing a key area of study related to autism: 1. Nature and Recovery from ASD (Helt et al., 2008): Focus: Investigates whether ASD is lifelong and if up to 25% of children can "recover" by losing their diagnosis and acquiring normal milestones. Finding: Recovery can occur through early-implemented treatments like biological, behavioral, educational, and environmental enrichments (e.g., stress reduction). This challenged the author's previous belief that autism was permanent. 2. Brain Connectivity (Wass, 2011): Focus: Reviews neuroimaging evidence (fMRI, DTI, EEG) for under- and over-connectivity in large-scale and local networks in ASD. Finding: Established significant evidence for medium and long-distance under-connectivity in ASD, but consistent evidence that not all subjects with ASD present disrupted connectivity. This informed the author on the specific cognitive and mental effects of autism. 3. Social Motivation (Jaswal and Akhtar, 2019): Focus: Contests the prevalent view that common autistic behaviors (like low eye contact, infrequent pointing, motor stereotypies, and echolalia) indicate a lack of social interest. Finding: These behaviors may serve as functions of self-regulation and communication and do not necessarily indicate social deficit. This challenged the author's view that autistic children are significantly socially limited. 4. Educational Strategies and Teacher Support (Hummerstone & Parsons, 2021): Focus: Qualitative study on the views of secondary students with autism and their teachers on teaching strategies. Finding: Teachers are often inclined to pursue general class needs over individualized needs. Students expressed a lack of being understood. The need for Individualized Educational Plans (IEPs) and teacher support (increased staffing, training) was highlighted. 5. Intervention Validation Model (Smith et al., 2007): Focus: Discusses a four-step model for developing, validating (via single-case designs, pilot testing, RCTs), and disseminating psychosocial interventions for children with autism. Finding: Few current interventions have successfully endured all four steps, highlighting gaps in interventional programs. 6. Individualized Education (Guldberg, 2020): Focus: Stresses the need for educators to understand the unique needs of each autistic learner and to be flexible and accommodating in their teaching approaches. It emphasizes that even in a class of autistic students, each has individualized needs. 7. Cognitive Potential (Barbeau et al., 2013): Focus: Investigates the myth that autistic children are typically cognitively impaired. Finding: Autistic children possess levels of intelligence (scoring up to the 70th percentile on fluid intelligence tests) and demonstrated higher versatility than non-autistic counterparts on certain design tasks, concluding that their intelligence has been underestimated. 8. Good Outcomes and Long-Term Measurement (Taylor, 2017): Focus: Explores what constitutes "good outcomes" for people with autism, given the heterogeneity of their needs. Finding: Suggests longitudinal measurements, such as setting and measuring "growth and proficiency targets," are better than single point-in-time measures (e.g., happiness and quality of life). 9. Inclusive Postsecondary Education (Torres et al., 2022): Focus: Longitudinal study on the beneficial effect of Inclusive Postsecondary Education (IPSE) for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Finding: Placing IDD students in IPSE programs effectively facilitates the achievement of higher self-determination levels. This reversed the author's belief that these students could achieve more in a separate learning environment.

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Uploaded on
November 3, 2025
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Written in
2025/2026
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Annotated Bibliography-Autism




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Annotated Bibliography-Autism
Introduction
Special education remains one of the essential parts of formal education, but which is
incredibly receiving underappreciation by stakeholders and society. There is significant
stigma surrounding special and individuals with disabilities, especially those with learning
difficulties like autism. conventionally, these individuals have been identified cognitively
impaired and less capable of learning, which explains the limited support of this sector of
education. I have taught in a mainstream secondary school for about three years, which have
given me exposure to the learning challenges of these students, and necessary support system
that they require. This was just before my volunteer teacher in a special needs primary
school, which I served for 9 months. Through experience, I learned that in addition to
learning, these students need effective health and proactive care plans, which implies the
need of a multi-disciplinary team. Unfortunately, these provisions are not provided in these
special needs learning environments, and where they are, they are underprovided. In many
schools and environments where these children exist, they are treated like the nanoaustic
children, and resources and support requisite to their needs. This research paper scrutinizes
the elements of educational environment, and the benefits achieved through adequate support,
based on findings of various studies.

Annotated Bibliography
Unit 1: Helt et al. (2008)
In this review, Helt et al. (2008) conduct a review to find out whether autism is life-
long, or there is adequate evidence supporting the hypothesis that 3% to 25% of children
demonstrating autistic symptoms lose this diagnosis and acquire normal levels of cognitive,
social and adaptive milestones. Measures used to indicate recovery from ASD among
children included acquisition of milestones motor development, acquisition of observably
high intelligence, demonstration of receptive language, and ability of the child to imitate
verbal and motor skills. The study also sought to review the evidence that treatment can lead
to “recovery” from ASD symptoms, and lastly, to propose strategies that could support the
“recovery” of children from autism spectrum disorder and its core impacts.
The findings established that recovery among children with ASD can occur through
treatment that can tame biological processes impairing biological processes, behavioural
adjustments (and increasing receptivity of behavioral receptivity), educational interventions
and environmental enrichments, especially those tailored to reducing stress/anxiety reduction.
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