Advanced Pathophysiology (NGR 6141)
Contents
Questions (1–60) ......................................................................................................................... 1
Answers key (1–60) ..................................................................................................................... 3
Questions (1–60)
1. What are general signs and symptoms that may indicate the onset of cancer?
2. How can chronic inflammation contribute to cancer development?
3. What are tumor cell markers, and why are they important in cancer care?
4. What does “carcinoma in situ” mean?
5. How does telomerase benefit cancer cells?
6. What is a Pap test?
7. What are key issues related to HPV infection?
8. What is the relationship between pain and cancer?
9. Define atrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia.
10. What are mutations in cancer, and when might they occur?
11. What are the major characteristics of cancer cells?
12. What are risk factors for cancer?
13. What is the relationship between estrogen and cancer?
14. Can nerves regenerate? Explain.
15. What are the main functions of: hypothalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, medulla
oblongata, substantia nigra, basal ganglia, limbic system, RAS, pons, cerebellum,
prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus?
16. What is the difference between lower and upper motor neurons?
17. How much cardiac output is received by the brain?
, 18. How does massage therapy help in pain management?
19. What are signs and symptoms of the stress response?
20. How do endorphins and enkephalins alter pain perception?
21. What is the difference between heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and heat cramps?
22. What is the basic response to hypothermia?
23. What are the signs and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea?
24. Who is at most risk for developing delirium?
25. Define reflex, convulsion, and seizure. How would you make a diagnosis?
26. What happens in epilepsy and status epilepticus? Include signs, symptoms, and concerns.
27. Define dysphasia, aphasia, agnosia, decerebrate, and decorticate posturing.
28. What is tardive dyskinesia?
29. What is the basic mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs?
30. What are critical factors for basic neurological assessment?
31. Describe pathophysiology, signs, and symptoms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
32. What are major risk factors for stroke?
33. How do embolic, thrombotic, and hemorrhagic strokes differ?
34. Describe pathophysiology, signs, and symptoms for Guillain-Barre Syndrome,
Myasthenia Gravis, and Multiple Sclerosis.
35. What are common signs and symptoms associated with schizophrenia?
36. What is the relationship between calcium and parathyroid hormone?
37. From a cellular perspective, what is the relationship between insulin and potassium?
What is the role of cellular calcium?
38. What hormones are released by the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla?
39. What are the functions of ADH and aldosterone?
40. What is the syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?
41. Describe the pathophysiology and signs/symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus.
42. Describe the pathophysiology and signs/symptoms of Graves’ disease.
Contents
Questions (1–60) ......................................................................................................................... 1
Answers key (1–60) ..................................................................................................................... 3
Questions (1–60)
1. What are general signs and symptoms that may indicate the onset of cancer?
2. How can chronic inflammation contribute to cancer development?
3. What are tumor cell markers, and why are they important in cancer care?
4. What does “carcinoma in situ” mean?
5. How does telomerase benefit cancer cells?
6. What is a Pap test?
7. What are key issues related to HPV infection?
8. What is the relationship between pain and cancer?
9. Define atrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia.
10. What are mutations in cancer, and when might they occur?
11. What are the major characteristics of cancer cells?
12. What are risk factors for cancer?
13. What is the relationship between estrogen and cancer?
14. Can nerves regenerate? Explain.
15. What are the main functions of: hypothalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, medulla
oblongata, substantia nigra, basal ganglia, limbic system, RAS, pons, cerebellum,
prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus?
16. What is the difference between lower and upper motor neurons?
17. How much cardiac output is received by the brain?
, 18. How does massage therapy help in pain management?
19. What are signs and symptoms of the stress response?
20. How do endorphins and enkephalins alter pain perception?
21. What is the difference between heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and heat cramps?
22. What is the basic response to hypothermia?
23. What are the signs and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea?
24. Who is at most risk for developing delirium?
25. Define reflex, convulsion, and seizure. How would you make a diagnosis?
26. What happens in epilepsy and status epilepticus? Include signs, symptoms, and concerns.
27. Define dysphasia, aphasia, agnosia, decerebrate, and decorticate posturing.
28. What is tardive dyskinesia?
29. What is the basic mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs?
30. What are critical factors for basic neurological assessment?
31. Describe pathophysiology, signs, and symptoms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
32. What are major risk factors for stroke?
33. How do embolic, thrombotic, and hemorrhagic strokes differ?
34. Describe pathophysiology, signs, and symptoms for Guillain-Barre Syndrome,
Myasthenia Gravis, and Multiple Sclerosis.
35. What are common signs and symptoms associated with schizophrenia?
36. What is the relationship between calcium and parathyroid hormone?
37. From a cellular perspective, what is the relationship between insulin and potassium?
What is the role of cellular calcium?
38. What hormones are released by the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla?
39. What are the functions of ADH and aldosterone?
40. What is the syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?
41. Describe the pathophysiology and signs/symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus.
42. Describe the pathophysiology and signs/symptoms of Graves’ disease.
