AP BIOLOGY EXAM TERMS
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
organic compounds - Correct Answers -contain carbon; examples include lipids,
proteins, and carbs
functional groups - Correct Answers -amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH),
hydroxyl (OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH)
fat - Correct Answers -glycerol and three fatty acids
saturated fats - Correct Answers -bad for you; animals and some plants have it;
solidifies at room temp.
unsaturated fats - Correct Answers -better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temp.
steriods - Correct Answers -lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence.
include cholesterol and sex hormones
phospholipids - Correct Answers -glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; makes
up membrane bilayers of cells; hydrophobic interiors and hydrophillic exteriors
carbohydrates - Correct Answers -used by cells for energy and stucture;
monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), storage
polysaccharides (starch [plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides (chitin
[fungi], cellulose [arthropods])
proteins - Correct Answers -made with the help of ribosomes out of amino acids; serve
many functions (transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptor molecules, structural
components, and channels)
enzymes - Correct Answers -catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with
substrates to speed up that rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy
competitve inhibtion - Correct Answers -inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to
active site
,noncompetitive inhibition - Correct Answers -inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme;
alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind
pH - Correct Answers -logarithmic scale; <7 acidic, 7 neutral, >7 basic (alkaline); 4 is 10
times more acidic than 5
hydrolysis - Correct Answers -breaks down compounds by adding water
dehydration - Correct Answers -two components brought together, producing H2O
endergonic reaction - Correct Answers -reaction that requires input of energy
exergonic reaction - Correct Answers -reaction that gives off energy
redox - Correct Answers -electron transfer reactions
cell wall - Correct Answers -found in prokaryotes and plant cells eukaryotes; protects
and shapes the cell
plasma membrane - Correct Answers -found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; regulates
what substances enter and leave a cell
ribosome - Correct Answers -found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; host for protein
synthesis; form in nucleolus
smooth ER - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; lipid synthesis, detoxification,
carbohydrate metabolism; contains no ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
rough ER - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; synthesizes proteins to secrete or
send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
Golgi - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; modifies lipids, proteins to secrete or
send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
mitochondria - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; power plant of cell; hosts major
energy-producing steps of respiration
lysosome - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; contains enzymes that digest organic
compounds; serves as cell's stomach
nucleus - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; control center of cell; host for
transcription, replication, and DNA
peroxisome - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; breakdown of fatty acids,
detoxification of alcohol
, chloroplast - Correct Answers -found in plant cells eukaryotes; site of photosynthesis in
plants
cytoskeleton - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; skeleton of cell; consists of
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
vacuole - Correct Answers -large in plant cells and small in animal cells; storage vaults
of cells
centrioles - Correct Answers -found in animal cells eukaryote; part of microtubule
separation apparatus that assits cell division in animal cells
fluid mosaic model - Correct Answers -plasma membrane is selectively permeable
phosolipid bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes interspersed with
cholesterol amoung the phospholipids
integral proteins - Correct Answers -proteins implanted within lipid bilayer of plasma
membrane
diffusion - Correct Answers -passive movement of substances down their concentration
gradient (from high to low concentrations)
osmosis - Correct Answers -passive movement of water from the side of low solute
concentration to the side of high solute concentration
facilitated diffusion - Correct Answers -assisted transport of particles across membrane
(no energy input)
active transport - Correct Answers -movement of substances against concentration
gradient (low to high concentrations; requires energy input)
endocytosis - Correct Answers -phagocytosis of particles into cell through the use of
vesicles
exocytosis - Correct Answers -process by which particles are ejected from the cell,
similar to movement in a trash chute
aerobic respiration - Correct Answers -glycolysis -> krebs cycle -> oxidative
phosphorylation -> 36 ATP per glucose molecule
anaerobic respiration (fermentation) - Correct Answers -glycolysis -> regenerate NAD+ -
> 2 ATP per glucose molecule
glycolysis - Correct Answers -conversion of 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP,
and 2 NADH; occurs in the cytoplasma, and in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration;
must have NAD+ to proceed
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
organic compounds - Correct Answers -contain carbon; examples include lipids,
proteins, and carbs
functional groups - Correct Answers -amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH),
hydroxyl (OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH)
fat - Correct Answers -glycerol and three fatty acids
saturated fats - Correct Answers -bad for you; animals and some plants have it;
solidifies at room temp.
unsaturated fats - Correct Answers -better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temp.
steriods - Correct Answers -lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence.
include cholesterol and sex hormones
phospholipids - Correct Answers -glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; makes
up membrane bilayers of cells; hydrophobic interiors and hydrophillic exteriors
carbohydrates - Correct Answers -used by cells for energy and stucture;
monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), storage
polysaccharides (starch [plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides (chitin
[fungi], cellulose [arthropods])
proteins - Correct Answers -made with the help of ribosomes out of amino acids; serve
many functions (transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptor molecules, structural
components, and channels)
enzymes - Correct Answers -catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with
substrates to speed up that rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy
competitve inhibtion - Correct Answers -inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to
active site
,noncompetitive inhibition - Correct Answers -inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme;
alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind
pH - Correct Answers -logarithmic scale; <7 acidic, 7 neutral, >7 basic (alkaline); 4 is 10
times more acidic than 5
hydrolysis - Correct Answers -breaks down compounds by adding water
dehydration - Correct Answers -two components brought together, producing H2O
endergonic reaction - Correct Answers -reaction that requires input of energy
exergonic reaction - Correct Answers -reaction that gives off energy
redox - Correct Answers -electron transfer reactions
cell wall - Correct Answers -found in prokaryotes and plant cells eukaryotes; protects
and shapes the cell
plasma membrane - Correct Answers -found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; regulates
what substances enter and leave a cell
ribosome - Correct Answers -found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; host for protein
synthesis; form in nucleolus
smooth ER - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; lipid synthesis, detoxification,
carbohydrate metabolism; contains no ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
rough ER - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; synthesizes proteins to secrete or
send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
Golgi - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; modifies lipids, proteins to secrete or
send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
mitochondria - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; power plant of cell; hosts major
energy-producing steps of respiration
lysosome - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; contains enzymes that digest organic
compounds; serves as cell's stomach
nucleus - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; control center of cell; host for
transcription, replication, and DNA
peroxisome - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; breakdown of fatty acids,
detoxification of alcohol
, chloroplast - Correct Answers -found in plant cells eukaryotes; site of photosynthesis in
plants
cytoskeleton - Correct Answers -found in eukaryotes; skeleton of cell; consists of
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
vacuole - Correct Answers -large in plant cells and small in animal cells; storage vaults
of cells
centrioles - Correct Answers -found in animal cells eukaryote; part of microtubule
separation apparatus that assits cell division in animal cells
fluid mosaic model - Correct Answers -plasma membrane is selectively permeable
phosolipid bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes interspersed with
cholesterol amoung the phospholipids
integral proteins - Correct Answers -proteins implanted within lipid bilayer of plasma
membrane
diffusion - Correct Answers -passive movement of substances down their concentration
gradient (from high to low concentrations)
osmosis - Correct Answers -passive movement of water from the side of low solute
concentration to the side of high solute concentration
facilitated diffusion - Correct Answers -assisted transport of particles across membrane
(no energy input)
active transport - Correct Answers -movement of substances against concentration
gradient (low to high concentrations; requires energy input)
endocytosis - Correct Answers -phagocytosis of particles into cell through the use of
vesicles
exocytosis - Correct Answers -process by which particles are ejected from the cell,
similar to movement in a trash chute
aerobic respiration - Correct Answers -glycolysis -> krebs cycle -> oxidative
phosphorylation -> 36 ATP per glucose molecule
anaerobic respiration (fermentation) - Correct Answers -glycolysis -> regenerate NAD+ -
> 2 ATP per glucose molecule
glycolysis - Correct Answers -conversion of 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP,
and 2 NADH; occurs in the cytoplasma, and in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration;
must have NAD+ to proceed
