Molecular Evidences in Human Evolution
Around the late 70s evolutionary studies of Homo sapiens started taking a new shape as
molecular studies constantly shedding new lights of understanding the sormal functions an
well as the abnormalities or differences to better explain the cause of disraws or variations
among the ethnic groups. Molecular anthropology hegan in the 1960s with ammundogital
comparisons indicating that African apes and humans were closely related and, indeed,
shared a common ancestor as recently as 5 million years ago (mya).
Using the molecular biology to study the diversity in unity was proposed try Evolutionary
Biologist Dobzhansky. DNA is comprised of four bases across all the living species within
prokaryotes and eukaryotes as well as all the extinct species. Bot por small mutation at the
molecular level in copying and translating the sequence can cause dramatic changes to a
species over the generations, leading on speciation on a large scale.
Molecular clock:-
To establish the common ancestry between the apes and the humans instead of only
relying on morphology and fossils genetic relationships might be a better option Molecular
clocks are used to determine how closely two species are related by calculating the number
of differences between the species’ DNA sequences or amino acid sequences. These clocks
are sometimes called gene clocks or evolutionary clocks.
The molecular clock Is figurative term for a technique that uses the matation rate of
biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged. The
biomolecular data used for such calculations are usually nucleotide sequences for DNA or
amino acid sequences for proteins.
The notion of the existence of a so-called “molecular clock was first attributed to Émile
Zuckerkandi and Linus Pauling in 1962, noticed that the number of amino acid differences
in hemoglobin between different lineages changes roughly linearly with time, as estimated
from fossil evidence. Similarly, Vincent Sarich and Allan Wilson in 1967 demonstrated that
molecular differences among modern Primates in albumin proteins showed that
approximately constant rates of change had occurred in all the lineages they assessed.
Molecular clock shows that the fewer the differences, the less time since the species split
from each other and began to evolve into different species. The ancestors of humans are
apes and the chimpanzees and humans are genetically almost 99% alike; the differences are
mostly due to the gene expression or epigenetic factor.
A Few years after Human Genome Project (HGP) have been completed in 2003, the genome
of chimpanzee, orangutan, gorillas and bonobos have been sequenced. From these genome
studies it has been found that humans differ only in 1.2% genes with both chimpanzees and
bonobos and differ in 1.6% with gorillas making chimpanzees and bonobos our closest ape
ancestors. Also it has been found that there is same difference in the gene (1.6%) between
the gorillas and the chimpanzees and bonobos.
Around the late 70s evolutionary studies of Homo sapiens started taking a new shape as
molecular studies constantly shedding new lights of understanding the sormal functions an
well as the abnormalities or differences to better explain the cause of disraws or variations
among the ethnic groups. Molecular anthropology hegan in the 1960s with ammundogital
comparisons indicating that African apes and humans were closely related and, indeed,
shared a common ancestor as recently as 5 million years ago (mya).
Using the molecular biology to study the diversity in unity was proposed try Evolutionary
Biologist Dobzhansky. DNA is comprised of four bases across all the living species within
prokaryotes and eukaryotes as well as all the extinct species. Bot por small mutation at the
molecular level in copying and translating the sequence can cause dramatic changes to a
species over the generations, leading on speciation on a large scale.
Molecular clock:-
To establish the common ancestry between the apes and the humans instead of only
relying on morphology and fossils genetic relationships might be a better option Molecular
clocks are used to determine how closely two species are related by calculating the number
of differences between the species’ DNA sequences or amino acid sequences. These clocks
are sometimes called gene clocks or evolutionary clocks.
The molecular clock Is figurative term for a technique that uses the matation rate of
biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged. The
biomolecular data used for such calculations are usually nucleotide sequences for DNA or
amino acid sequences for proteins.
The notion of the existence of a so-called “molecular clock was first attributed to Émile
Zuckerkandi and Linus Pauling in 1962, noticed that the number of amino acid differences
in hemoglobin between different lineages changes roughly linearly with time, as estimated
from fossil evidence. Similarly, Vincent Sarich and Allan Wilson in 1967 demonstrated that
molecular differences among modern Primates in albumin proteins showed that
approximately constant rates of change had occurred in all the lineages they assessed.
Molecular clock shows that the fewer the differences, the less time since the species split
from each other and began to evolve into different species. The ancestors of humans are
apes and the chimpanzees and humans are genetically almost 99% alike; the differences are
mostly due to the gene expression or epigenetic factor.
A Few years after Human Genome Project (HGP) have been completed in 2003, the genome
of chimpanzee, orangutan, gorillas and bonobos have been sequenced. From these genome
studies it has been found that humans differ only in 1.2% genes with both chimpanzees and
bonobos and differ in 1.6% with gorillas making chimpanzees and bonobos our closest ape
ancestors. Also it has been found that there is same difference in the gene (1.6%) between
the gorillas and the chimpanzees and bonobos.
