Active Recall Questions- The Kidney
Kidney Ion Homeostasis
1. Why is kidney ion homeostasis so important? (ECF vol)
Which ions are important?
2. What is secretion? Absorption?
3. Main cation in ECF? ICF? Controlled by what?
4. If Ca2+ concentration is increasing, what is happening?
5. Membrane depolarization promotes increase in what?
6. Is the sodium that’s filtered reabsorbed?
7. How does sodium cross lipid membrane?
8. Small changes in cytoplasmic Na+ concentration do what?
9. What things affects pump activity?
10. Pump is essential for absorption of what? Where?
11. Pump is essential for reabsorption of what? Where?
12. Basic principle of Na+/K+ ATPase pump?
13. What 2 things make up the ECF?
14. What is osmotic pressure?
15. Clinical relevance of impairment of pump on kidney/ small intestine?
16. What is actively transported in the PCT?
17. Passive transport in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
18. DCT, CT Na+ reabsorption for H+ (controlled by what?)
19. 3 ways to reabsorb sodium in PCT?
20. Why are H+ ions thrown out?
21. Thin ascending limb, what’s pulled in?
22. DCT, what isn’t brought in?
23. Collecting duct? Switched on by what? What is taken in?
24. What’s the most abundant ion in the ECF? Meaning?
25. When will Na+ not determine osmolarity?
26. In the PCT/DCT, what do angiotensin 2 and aldosterone do respectively?
27. How does aldosterone carry out its function?
28. How is Na+ conc measured?
29. What is chloride important for?
30. Redistribution of potassium?
31. How does potassium get into cells?
32. Principal versus intercalated cells?
The Kidney’s; Regulatory, Excretory, Production
1. Regulatory (2), Excretory aspects of kidneys?
2. What does the kidney produce?
3. What do the kidneys excrete?
4. Which of these are toxic? U, C
5. Microstructure of the kidney, RC, RM, RP, RPe
6. What is the nephron? Number of nephrons affected?
7. Glomerulus, BC, PCT, ADLOH, DCT, CT
8. Where does the reabsorption happen most?
9. Difference between thin and thick ascending limb?
, 10. What is the macula densa?
11. Vasa recta/ peritubular capillaries?
12. What is the corticol nephron? Juxtomedullary nephron?
13. 4 steps of nephron function?
14. Response of podocytes?
15. Fenestrations? Basement membrane? Endothelium?
16. What is filterability related to?
17. Why endothelial charge and basement membrane?
18. When is it common to have proteins in urine?
19. What forces are involved in glomerular filtration?
20. -glomerular capillaries hydrostatic pressure? Aids Filtration
21. -bowman’s capsule oppose filtration
22. -glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure- opposes filtration
23. -bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic pressure
24. Net filtration?
25. What is GFR? Kf filtration net pressure?
26. The kf is how easy glomerular filtration increases (podoctyes)
27. How is the GFr regulated? BP, RBF?
28. Intrinsic vs extrinsic control? Sympathetic vs ps ANP, ADH
29. When is autoregulation used?
30. What is myogenic? How?
31. Not enough NaCl in DCT, what happens? How is this deleted?
32. Extrinsic regulation? When necessary?
33. Low BP, what happens?
34. What is renin? Released from where? What pathway? Causing what?
35. When is renin released? Beta-1-receptor? Pressure
36. Macula densa? NaCl
37. What does DLOH reabsorb?
38. ALOH thin? Thick?
39. CD?
40. Aldosterone? ADH determines?
41. 2 ways to assess renal function?
42. Modification of diet in renal disease formula?
43. What is EPO? Used in what? Disease?
44. Calcitriol?
RAAS and the Control of Blood Pressure?
1. What is Pa?
2. What 2 things can control Pa?
3. Where do the baroreceptors act?
4. What do we activate to lower Pa? increase Pa?
5. What decreases in PS? 2
6. What increases in S? 3
7. What does the RAAS regulate?
8. Where is pre-renin? What is it cleaved to? When?
9. Where are these mechanoreceptors?
10. Reduced what to the macula densa causes what?
11. What do prostaglandins do?
Kidney Ion Homeostasis
1. Why is kidney ion homeostasis so important? (ECF vol)
Which ions are important?
2. What is secretion? Absorption?
3. Main cation in ECF? ICF? Controlled by what?
4. If Ca2+ concentration is increasing, what is happening?
5. Membrane depolarization promotes increase in what?
6. Is the sodium that’s filtered reabsorbed?
7. How does sodium cross lipid membrane?
8. Small changes in cytoplasmic Na+ concentration do what?
9. What things affects pump activity?
10. Pump is essential for absorption of what? Where?
11. Pump is essential for reabsorption of what? Where?
12. Basic principle of Na+/K+ ATPase pump?
13. What 2 things make up the ECF?
14. What is osmotic pressure?
15. Clinical relevance of impairment of pump on kidney/ small intestine?
16. What is actively transported in the PCT?
17. Passive transport in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
18. DCT, CT Na+ reabsorption for H+ (controlled by what?)
19. 3 ways to reabsorb sodium in PCT?
20. Why are H+ ions thrown out?
21. Thin ascending limb, what’s pulled in?
22. DCT, what isn’t brought in?
23. Collecting duct? Switched on by what? What is taken in?
24. What’s the most abundant ion in the ECF? Meaning?
25. When will Na+ not determine osmolarity?
26. In the PCT/DCT, what do angiotensin 2 and aldosterone do respectively?
27. How does aldosterone carry out its function?
28. How is Na+ conc measured?
29. What is chloride important for?
30. Redistribution of potassium?
31. How does potassium get into cells?
32. Principal versus intercalated cells?
The Kidney’s; Regulatory, Excretory, Production
1. Regulatory (2), Excretory aspects of kidneys?
2. What does the kidney produce?
3. What do the kidneys excrete?
4. Which of these are toxic? U, C
5. Microstructure of the kidney, RC, RM, RP, RPe
6. What is the nephron? Number of nephrons affected?
7. Glomerulus, BC, PCT, ADLOH, DCT, CT
8. Where does the reabsorption happen most?
9. Difference between thin and thick ascending limb?
, 10. What is the macula densa?
11. Vasa recta/ peritubular capillaries?
12. What is the corticol nephron? Juxtomedullary nephron?
13. 4 steps of nephron function?
14. Response of podocytes?
15. Fenestrations? Basement membrane? Endothelium?
16. What is filterability related to?
17. Why endothelial charge and basement membrane?
18. When is it common to have proteins in urine?
19. What forces are involved in glomerular filtration?
20. -glomerular capillaries hydrostatic pressure? Aids Filtration
21. -bowman’s capsule oppose filtration
22. -glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure- opposes filtration
23. -bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic pressure
24. Net filtration?
25. What is GFR? Kf filtration net pressure?
26. The kf is how easy glomerular filtration increases (podoctyes)
27. How is the GFr regulated? BP, RBF?
28. Intrinsic vs extrinsic control? Sympathetic vs ps ANP, ADH
29. When is autoregulation used?
30. What is myogenic? How?
31. Not enough NaCl in DCT, what happens? How is this deleted?
32. Extrinsic regulation? When necessary?
33. Low BP, what happens?
34. What is renin? Released from where? What pathway? Causing what?
35. When is renin released? Beta-1-receptor? Pressure
36. Macula densa? NaCl
37. What does DLOH reabsorb?
38. ALOH thin? Thick?
39. CD?
40. Aldosterone? ADH determines?
41. 2 ways to assess renal function?
42. Modification of diet in renal disease formula?
43. What is EPO? Used in what? Disease?
44. Calcitriol?
RAAS and the Control of Blood Pressure?
1. What is Pa?
2. What 2 things can control Pa?
3. Where do the baroreceptors act?
4. What do we activate to lower Pa? increase Pa?
5. What decreases in PS? 2
6. What increases in S? 3
7. What does the RAAS regulate?
8. Where is pre-renin? What is it cleaved to? When?
9. Where are these mechanoreceptors?
10. Reduced what to the macula densa causes what?
11. What do prostaglandins do?
