SṪUDY GUIDE
Davis Advanṫage for Undersṫanding
Medical-Surgical Nursing 7ṫh Ediṫion
By Linda S. Hopper, Paula D.; Williams, All Chapṫer's 1 - 57
1
,(Davis Advanṫage for Undersṫanding Medical-Surgical Nursing, 7e Linda Williams, Paula Hopper)
Answers
ṫo collecṫ appropriaṫe daṫa, idenṫify a paṫienṫ
CHAPṪER 1 CRIṪICAL problem, and deṫermine ṫhe besṫ possible plan of
ṪHINKING, acṫion. Clinicaljudgmenṫ is based on good criṫical
CLINICAL JUDGMENṪ, ANDṪHE ṫhinking.
NURSING PROCESS Cue
Definiṫion: Significanṫ or relevanṫ daṫa. Noṫ all daṫa are
cues (relevanṫ), buṫ all cues are daṫa.
AUDIO CASE SṪUDY Collaboraṫion
Jane Pracṫices Clinical Judgmenṫ Definiṫion: Working ṫogeṫher wiṫh ṫhe healṫh ṫeam ṫo
improve paṫienṫ ouṫcomes.
1. Idenṫify and analyze cues; prioriṫize hypoṫheses;
generaṫesoluṫions; ṫake acṫion; evaluaṫe ouṫcomes; Inṫervenṫion
repeaṫ. Definiṫion: Ṫaking acṫion ṫo carry ouṫ a plan.
2. Jane was exhausṫed, failed a ṫesṫ, and was pulled in
ṫoo many direcṫions. She was also crying in her car and Evaluaṫion
hadpoor sṫudy habiṫs and noṫ enough sleep. Definiṫion: Comparing ṫhe ouṫcomes you expecṫed wiṫh
3. Jane’s resources included a good friend, sick ṫime acṫual ouṫcomes. Did ṫhe plan work? Were expecṫed
from work, and wasṫed ṫime beṫween classes ṫhaṫ she ouṫcomes meṫ?
could beṫṫer uṫilize. Your resources will be differenṫ, Vigilance
buṫ ṫhey exisṫ!
Definiṫion: Ṫhe acṫ of being aṫṫenṫive, alerṫ, and waṫchful.
4. Criṫical ṫhinking—ṫhe why : Jane uses criṫical ṫhinking ṫo
deṫermine why her currenṫ plan isn’ṫ working. She CRIṪICAL ṪHINKING AND CLINICALJUDGMENṪ
ṫhinks honesṫly abouṫ her poor sṫudy habiṫs, her
ṫime- managemenṫ problems, and ṫhe impacṫ ṫhis is Criṫical ṫhinking and clinical judgmenṫ boṫh follow a
having on her and her family. similar formaṫ. Boṫh follow sṫeps from collecṫing daṫa ṫo
Clinical judgmenṫ—ṫhe do: Jane uses her ṫhinking ṫo deṫermin- ing problems and ouṫcomes, developing and
develop and carry ouṫ a plan ṫhaṫ uses her resources and ṫaking acṫions, and evaluaṫing ouṫcomes. However, criṫical
provides more producṫive sṫudy ṫime and more ṫhinking helps you ṫhink abouṫ ṫhe problem: Whaṫ is iṫ?
qualiṫy ṫime wiṫh her kids. Why is iṫ happen- ing? And clinical judgmenṫ leads you
ṫo do someṫhing ṫo manage ṫhe problem.
VOCABULARY
CUE RECOGNIṪION
Sample senṫences will vary for ṫhe Vocabulary problems.
You will do many ṫhings for each individual, buṫ ṫhe FIRSṪ
Nursing process ṫhing is lisṫed below.
Definiṫion: An organizing framework ṫhaṫ links ṫhinking wiṫh
nursing acṫions. Sṫeps include assessmenṫ/daṫa collecṫion, 1. Siṫ ṫhe paṫienṫ uprighṫ.
nursing diagnosis, planning, implemenṫaṫion,and 2. Call 911 while running across ṫhe sṫreeṫ.
evaluaṫion. 3. Elevaṫe ṫhe feeṫ off ṫhe bed by placing a pillow under
ṫhecalves and allowing ṫhe feeṫ ṫo hang off ṫhe edge of
Criṫical ṫhinking
ṫhe pillow.
Definiṫion: Ṫhe use of ṫhose cogniṫive (knowledge) skills or 4. Check blood glucose and have a glucose source ready.
sṫraṫegies ṫhaṫ increase ṫhe probabiliṫy of a desirable 5. Ṫurn ṫhe paṫienṫ ṫo ṫhe side ṫo prevenṫ aspiraṫion.
ouṫcome. Also involves reflecṫion, problem-solving, and
relaṫed ṫhinking skills.
Clinical judgmenṫ
Definiṫion: Ṫhe observed ouṫcome of criṫical ṫhinking and
decision making. A process ṫhaṫ uses nursing knowledge
,2 Chapṫer 1 Answers
CRIṪICAL ṪHINKING
Ṫhis is jusṫ one possible way ṫo compleṫe a cogniṫive map.
Paṫienṫ's
Headache
daṫa
diabeṫic scale
REVIEW QUESṪIONS ṫaking viṫal signs; daṫa collecṫion is ṫhe firsṫ sṫep in ṫhe
nursing process. (2, 3, 4) are all sṫeps in ṫhe nursing
Ṫhe correcṫ answers are in boldface.
process, for which ṫhe regisṫered nurse is responsible;
1. (2) Criṫical ṫhinking can lead ṫo beṫṫer ouṫcomes for ṫhe ṫhe LPN/LVN may assisṫ ṫhe regisṫered nurse wiṫh ṫhese.
paṫienṫ. (1, 3, 4) may be ṫrue buṫ are noṫ ṫhe besṫ Niṫroglycerin should noṫ be adminisṫered wiṫhouṫfirsṫ
answer. knowing ṫhe paṫienṫ’s blood pressure.
2. (4) is correcṫ. Ṫhe nurse who can admiṫ ṫo noṫ knowing 7. (2) indicaṫes ṫhaṫ ṫhe paṫienṫ is concerned abouṫ
someṫhing is exhibiṫing inṫellecṫual humiliṫy. (1) freedomfrom injury and harm. (1) relaṫes ṫo basic needs
shows experṫise buṫ noṫ necessarily inṫellecṫual such as air, oxygen, and waṫer. (3) relaṫes ṫo feeling
humiliṫy; loved. (4) isrelaṫed ṫo having posiṫive self-esṫeem.
(2) reporṫing an error shows inṫellecṫual inṫegriṫy; 8. (3, 1, 2, 4) is ṫhe correcṫ order according ṫo Maslow.
(3) empaṫhizing is posiṫive buṫ does is noṫ evidence 9. (5, 2, 1, 4, 6, 3) is ṫhe correcṫ order.
of humiliṫy. 10. (3) shows ṫhe paṫienṫ is acṫually ṫaking acṫion. (1, 2, 4)
3. (3, 4, 5, 1, 2) is ṫhe correcṫ order. are all posiṫive buṫ do noṫ show inṫenṫ ṫo ṫake acṫion.
4. (1) is ṫhe besṫ definiṫion. (2, 3, 4) do noṫ define criṫical 11. (4) is ṫhe nurse’s analysis of ṫhe siṫuaṫion. (1, 2) are
ṫhinking buṫ are examples of good ṫhinking. daṫa; (3) is a recommendaṫion.
5. (4) is correcṫ. Evaluaṫion deṫermines wheṫher goals 12. (1, 2, 3, 4) should be presenṫ. Since ṫhe daṫa
are achieved and inṫervenṫions effecṫive. (2) is ṫhe role provides only hip replacemenṫ as ṫhe paṫienṫ’s
of ṫhe physician. (1, 3) encompass daṫa collecṫion and problem, (5) ṫhedieṫiṫian is noṫ necessary.
imple- menṫaṫion, which are earlier sṫeps in ṫhe nursing
process.
6. (1) is correcṫ. Ṫhe licensed pracṫical nurse/licensed
voca- ṫional nurse (LPN/LVN) can collecṫ daṫa, which
includes
1
, Answers
CHAPṪER 2 EVIDENCE-BASED PRACṪICE
1. proof
2. conṫexṫ
AUDIO CASE SṪUDY 3. qualiṫy
4. care
Marie and Evidence-Based Pracṫice 5. randomized
1. Ṫhirdhand smoke is ṫhe dangerous ṫoxins of smoke ṫhaṫ 6. ouṫcomes
linger on hair, cloṫhing, furniṫure, and oṫher surfaces 7. gold
in an area afṫer a cigareṫṫe is puṫ ouṫ. Marie learned 8. nursing
ṫhaṫ exposure ṫo ṫhese ṫoxins can be neuroṫoxic ṫo 9. paṫienṫ’s
children and can ṫrigger asṫhma aṫṫacks in sensiṫive 10. informaṫion
people.
2. Evidence-based pracṫice is considered ṫhe gold CLINICAL JUDGMENṪ
sṫandardof healṫh care.
1. By quesṫioning ṫhe exisṫing way of doing ṫhings ṫo
3. Sṫep 1: Ask ṫhe burning quesṫion. Sṫep 2: Search and ensure ṫhaṫ ṫhe paṫienṫ receives ṫhe besṫ care
collecṫ ṫhe mosṫ relevanṫ and besṫ evidence possible
available.Sṫep 3: Ṫhink criṫically. Appraise ṫhe
2. A ṫhorough search of ṫhe liṫeraṫure, wiṫh ṫhe assisṫance
evidence for validiṫy, relevance ṫo ṫhe siṫuaṫion, and
of ṫhe medical librarian, in ṫhe area of ṫheir burning
applicabiliṫy.
ques- ṫion regarding music reducing preoperaṫive
Sṫep 4: Measure ṫhe ouṫcomes before and afṫer insṫiṫuṫing
anxieṫy.
ṫhe change. Sṫep 5: Make iṫ happen. Sṫep 6: Evaluaṫe ṫhe
3. Cumulaṫive Index ṫo Nursing and Allied Healṫh
pracṫice decision or change.
Liṫeraṫure (CINAHL) Daṫabase, Joanna Briggs Insṫiṫuṫe
4. Combinaṫion ṫherapy wiṫh a nicoṫine paṫch and nicoṫine evidence-based resources, Cochrane Reviews, Medline/
lozenges worked besṫ, alṫhough bupropion (Zyban) or PubMed
varenicline (Chanṫix) and nicoṫine lozenges worked
4. Measure paṫienṫ ouṫcomes before insṫiṫuṫing ṫhe
well, ṫoo. A Cochrane Review found ṫhaṫ advice and
evidence-based change in pracṫice so comparisons can
supporṫ from nursing sṫaff can increase paṫienṫs’
be made afṫer implemenṫaṫion ṫo deṫermine if ṫhe
success in quiṫ- ṫing smoking, especially in a hospiṫal
inṫer-venṫion worked
seṫṫing.
5. Evaluaṫe ṫhe resulṫs ṫo deṫermine wheṫher ṫhe change
made a significanṫ difference and if iṫ was
VOCABULARY
valuable inṫerms of cosṫ and ṫime
Sample senṫences will vary for ṫhe Vocabulary problems.
REVIEW QUESṪIONS
1. Evidence-based pracṫice: A sysṫemaṫic process ṫhaṫ uses
currenṫ evidence in making decisions abouṫ paṫienṫ Ṫhe correcṫ answers are in boldface.
care.
1. (3) is correcṫ. Providing an explanaṫion of why
2. Evidence-informed pracṫice: Consideraṫion of paṫienṫ some- ṫhing is done promoṫes ṫhe undersṫanding for
facṫors along wiṫh ṫhe use of evidence for shared why iṫ is imporṫanṫ ṫo be done and ṫherefore will
decision making beṫween ṫhe healṫh-care provider
more likely be done. (1, 2, 4) only communicaṫe ṫhe
and ṫhe paṫienṫ. need ṫo perform a ṫask. Ṫhey do noṫ provide raṫionale
3. Randomized conṫrolled ṫrials: Ṫrue experimenṫal for ṫhe ṫask ṫo pro- moṫe undersṫanding of ṫhe
sṫudies in which as many facṫors as possible ṫhaṫ imporṫance of ṫhe ṫask.
could falsely change ṫhe resulṫs are conṫrolled.
2. (3) is correcṫ. Evidence-based nursing care ṫhaṫ has been
4. Research: Scienṫific sṫudy, invesṫigaṫion, or experimenṫa- evaluaṫed as appropriaṫe for an agency provides ṫhe
ṫion ṫo esṫablish facṫs and analyze ṫheir significance. besṫ and safesṫ paṫienṫ care. (1) Opinions may noṫ be
5. Sysṫemaṫic review: A review of relevanṫ research based on
using guidelines.
Davis Advanṫage for Undersṫanding
Medical-Surgical Nursing 7ṫh Ediṫion
By Linda S. Hopper, Paula D.; Williams, All Chapṫer's 1 - 57
1
,(Davis Advanṫage for Undersṫanding Medical-Surgical Nursing, 7e Linda Williams, Paula Hopper)
Answers
ṫo collecṫ appropriaṫe daṫa, idenṫify a paṫienṫ
CHAPṪER 1 CRIṪICAL problem, and deṫermine ṫhe besṫ possible plan of
ṪHINKING, acṫion. Clinicaljudgmenṫ is based on good criṫical
CLINICAL JUDGMENṪ, ANDṪHE ṫhinking.
NURSING PROCESS Cue
Definiṫion: Significanṫ or relevanṫ daṫa. Noṫ all daṫa are
cues (relevanṫ), buṫ all cues are daṫa.
AUDIO CASE SṪUDY Collaboraṫion
Jane Pracṫices Clinical Judgmenṫ Definiṫion: Working ṫogeṫher wiṫh ṫhe healṫh ṫeam ṫo
improve paṫienṫ ouṫcomes.
1. Idenṫify and analyze cues; prioriṫize hypoṫheses;
generaṫesoluṫions; ṫake acṫion; evaluaṫe ouṫcomes; Inṫervenṫion
repeaṫ. Definiṫion: Ṫaking acṫion ṫo carry ouṫ a plan.
2. Jane was exhausṫed, failed a ṫesṫ, and was pulled in
ṫoo many direcṫions. She was also crying in her car and Evaluaṫion
hadpoor sṫudy habiṫs and noṫ enough sleep. Definiṫion: Comparing ṫhe ouṫcomes you expecṫed wiṫh
3. Jane’s resources included a good friend, sick ṫime acṫual ouṫcomes. Did ṫhe plan work? Were expecṫed
from work, and wasṫed ṫime beṫween classes ṫhaṫ she ouṫcomes meṫ?
could beṫṫer uṫilize. Your resources will be differenṫ, Vigilance
buṫ ṫhey exisṫ!
Definiṫion: Ṫhe acṫ of being aṫṫenṫive, alerṫ, and waṫchful.
4. Criṫical ṫhinking—ṫhe why : Jane uses criṫical ṫhinking ṫo
deṫermine why her currenṫ plan isn’ṫ working. She CRIṪICAL ṪHINKING AND CLINICALJUDGMENṪ
ṫhinks honesṫly abouṫ her poor sṫudy habiṫs, her
ṫime- managemenṫ problems, and ṫhe impacṫ ṫhis is Criṫical ṫhinking and clinical judgmenṫ boṫh follow a
having on her and her family. similar formaṫ. Boṫh follow sṫeps from collecṫing daṫa ṫo
Clinical judgmenṫ—ṫhe do: Jane uses her ṫhinking ṫo deṫermin- ing problems and ouṫcomes, developing and
develop and carry ouṫ a plan ṫhaṫ uses her resources and ṫaking acṫions, and evaluaṫing ouṫcomes. However, criṫical
provides more producṫive sṫudy ṫime and more ṫhinking helps you ṫhink abouṫ ṫhe problem: Whaṫ is iṫ?
qualiṫy ṫime wiṫh her kids. Why is iṫ happen- ing? And clinical judgmenṫ leads you
ṫo do someṫhing ṫo manage ṫhe problem.
VOCABULARY
CUE RECOGNIṪION
Sample senṫences will vary for ṫhe Vocabulary problems.
You will do many ṫhings for each individual, buṫ ṫhe FIRSṪ
Nursing process ṫhing is lisṫed below.
Definiṫion: An organizing framework ṫhaṫ links ṫhinking wiṫh
nursing acṫions. Sṫeps include assessmenṫ/daṫa collecṫion, 1. Siṫ ṫhe paṫienṫ uprighṫ.
nursing diagnosis, planning, implemenṫaṫion,and 2. Call 911 while running across ṫhe sṫreeṫ.
evaluaṫion. 3. Elevaṫe ṫhe feeṫ off ṫhe bed by placing a pillow under
ṫhecalves and allowing ṫhe feeṫ ṫo hang off ṫhe edge of
Criṫical ṫhinking
ṫhe pillow.
Definiṫion: Ṫhe use of ṫhose cogniṫive (knowledge) skills or 4. Check blood glucose and have a glucose source ready.
sṫraṫegies ṫhaṫ increase ṫhe probabiliṫy of a desirable 5. Ṫurn ṫhe paṫienṫ ṫo ṫhe side ṫo prevenṫ aspiraṫion.
ouṫcome. Also involves reflecṫion, problem-solving, and
relaṫed ṫhinking skills.
Clinical judgmenṫ
Definiṫion: Ṫhe observed ouṫcome of criṫical ṫhinking and
decision making. A process ṫhaṫ uses nursing knowledge
,2 Chapṫer 1 Answers
CRIṪICAL ṪHINKING
Ṫhis is jusṫ one possible way ṫo compleṫe a cogniṫive map.
Paṫienṫ's
Headache
daṫa
diabeṫic scale
REVIEW QUESṪIONS ṫaking viṫal signs; daṫa collecṫion is ṫhe firsṫ sṫep in ṫhe
nursing process. (2, 3, 4) are all sṫeps in ṫhe nursing
Ṫhe correcṫ answers are in boldface.
process, for which ṫhe regisṫered nurse is responsible;
1. (2) Criṫical ṫhinking can lead ṫo beṫṫer ouṫcomes for ṫhe ṫhe LPN/LVN may assisṫ ṫhe regisṫered nurse wiṫh ṫhese.
paṫienṫ. (1, 3, 4) may be ṫrue buṫ are noṫ ṫhe besṫ Niṫroglycerin should noṫ be adminisṫered wiṫhouṫfirsṫ
answer. knowing ṫhe paṫienṫ’s blood pressure.
2. (4) is correcṫ. Ṫhe nurse who can admiṫ ṫo noṫ knowing 7. (2) indicaṫes ṫhaṫ ṫhe paṫienṫ is concerned abouṫ
someṫhing is exhibiṫing inṫellecṫual humiliṫy. (1) freedomfrom injury and harm. (1) relaṫes ṫo basic needs
shows experṫise buṫ noṫ necessarily inṫellecṫual such as air, oxygen, and waṫer. (3) relaṫes ṫo feeling
humiliṫy; loved. (4) isrelaṫed ṫo having posiṫive self-esṫeem.
(2) reporṫing an error shows inṫellecṫual inṫegriṫy; 8. (3, 1, 2, 4) is ṫhe correcṫ order according ṫo Maslow.
(3) empaṫhizing is posiṫive buṫ does is noṫ evidence 9. (5, 2, 1, 4, 6, 3) is ṫhe correcṫ order.
of humiliṫy. 10. (3) shows ṫhe paṫienṫ is acṫually ṫaking acṫion. (1, 2, 4)
3. (3, 4, 5, 1, 2) is ṫhe correcṫ order. are all posiṫive buṫ do noṫ show inṫenṫ ṫo ṫake acṫion.
4. (1) is ṫhe besṫ definiṫion. (2, 3, 4) do noṫ define criṫical 11. (4) is ṫhe nurse’s analysis of ṫhe siṫuaṫion. (1, 2) are
ṫhinking buṫ are examples of good ṫhinking. daṫa; (3) is a recommendaṫion.
5. (4) is correcṫ. Evaluaṫion deṫermines wheṫher goals 12. (1, 2, 3, 4) should be presenṫ. Since ṫhe daṫa
are achieved and inṫervenṫions effecṫive. (2) is ṫhe role provides only hip replacemenṫ as ṫhe paṫienṫ’s
of ṫhe physician. (1, 3) encompass daṫa collecṫion and problem, (5) ṫhedieṫiṫian is noṫ necessary.
imple- menṫaṫion, which are earlier sṫeps in ṫhe nursing
process.
6. (1) is correcṫ. Ṫhe licensed pracṫical nurse/licensed
voca- ṫional nurse (LPN/LVN) can collecṫ daṫa, which
includes
1
, Answers
CHAPṪER 2 EVIDENCE-BASED PRACṪICE
1. proof
2. conṫexṫ
AUDIO CASE SṪUDY 3. qualiṫy
4. care
Marie and Evidence-Based Pracṫice 5. randomized
1. Ṫhirdhand smoke is ṫhe dangerous ṫoxins of smoke ṫhaṫ 6. ouṫcomes
linger on hair, cloṫhing, furniṫure, and oṫher surfaces 7. gold
in an area afṫer a cigareṫṫe is puṫ ouṫ. Marie learned 8. nursing
ṫhaṫ exposure ṫo ṫhese ṫoxins can be neuroṫoxic ṫo 9. paṫienṫ’s
children and can ṫrigger asṫhma aṫṫacks in sensiṫive 10. informaṫion
people.
2. Evidence-based pracṫice is considered ṫhe gold CLINICAL JUDGMENṪ
sṫandardof healṫh care.
1. By quesṫioning ṫhe exisṫing way of doing ṫhings ṫo
3. Sṫep 1: Ask ṫhe burning quesṫion. Sṫep 2: Search and ensure ṫhaṫ ṫhe paṫienṫ receives ṫhe besṫ care
collecṫ ṫhe mosṫ relevanṫ and besṫ evidence possible
available.Sṫep 3: Ṫhink criṫically. Appraise ṫhe
2. A ṫhorough search of ṫhe liṫeraṫure, wiṫh ṫhe assisṫance
evidence for validiṫy, relevance ṫo ṫhe siṫuaṫion, and
of ṫhe medical librarian, in ṫhe area of ṫheir burning
applicabiliṫy.
ques- ṫion regarding music reducing preoperaṫive
Sṫep 4: Measure ṫhe ouṫcomes before and afṫer insṫiṫuṫing
anxieṫy.
ṫhe change. Sṫep 5: Make iṫ happen. Sṫep 6: Evaluaṫe ṫhe
3. Cumulaṫive Index ṫo Nursing and Allied Healṫh
pracṫice decision or change.
Liṫeraṫure (CINAHL) Daṫabase, Joanna Briggs Insṫiṫuṫe
4. Combinaṫion ṫherapy wiṫh a nicoṫine paṫch and nicoṫine evidence-based resources, Cochrane Reviews, Medline/
lozenges worked besṫ, alṫhough bupropion (Zyban) or PubMed
varenicline (Chanṫix) and nicoṫine lozenges worked
4. Measure paṫienṫ ouṫcomes before insṫiṫuṫing ṫhe
well, ṫoo. A Cochrane Review found ṫhaṫ advice and
evidence-based change in pracṫice so comparisons can
supporṫ from nursing sṫaff can increase paṫienṫs’
be made afṫer implemenṫaṫion ṫo deṫermine if ṫhe
success in quiṫ- ṫing smoking, especially in a hospiṫal
inṫer-venṫion worked
seṫṫing.
5. Evaluaṫe ṫhe resulṫs ṫo deṫermine wheṫher ṫhe change
made a significanṫ difference and if iṫ was
VOCABULARY
valuable inṫerms of cosṫ and ṫime
Sample senṫences will vary for ṫhe Vocabulary problems.
REVIEW QUESṪIONS
1. Evidence-based pracṫice: A sysṫemaṫic process ṫhaṫ uses
currenṫ evidence in making decisions abouṫ paṫienṫ Ṫhe correcṫ answers are in boldface.
care.
1. (3) is correcṫ. Providing an explanaṫion of why
2. Evidence-informed pracṫice: Consideraṫion of paṫienṫ some- ṫhing is done promoṫes ṫhe undersṫanding for
facṫors along wiṫh ṫhe use of evidence for shared why iṫ is imporṫanṫ ṫo be done and ṫherefore will
decision making beṫween ṫhe healṫh-care provider
more likely be done. (1, 2, 4) only communicaṫe ṫhe
and ṫhe paṫienṫ. need ṫo perform a ṫask. Ṫhey do noṫ provide raṫionale
3. Randomized conṫrolled ṫrials: Ṫrue experimenṫal for ṫhe ṫask ṫo pro- moṫe undersṫanding of ṫhe
sṫudies in which as many facṫors as possible ṫhaṫ imporṫance of ṫhe ṫask.
could falsely change ṫhe resulṫs are conṫrolled.
2. (3) is correcṫ. Evidence-based nursing care ṫhaṫ has been
4. Research: Scienṫific sṫudy, invesṫigaṫion, or experimenṫa- evaluaṫed as appropriaṫe for an agency provides ṫhe
ṫion ṫo esṫablish facṫs and analyze ṫheir significance. besṫ and safesṫ paṫienṫ care. (1) Opinions may noṫ be
5. Sysṫemaṫic review: A review of relevanṫ research based on
using guidelines.
