, Fundamentals of Biostatistics, © 2016, 2011, 2006 Cengage Learning
Eighth Edition
WCN: 02-200-203
Bernard Rosner
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Product Manager: Rita Lombard herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form
Content Developer: Andrew Coppola or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not
limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web
Associate Content Developer: Spencer distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval
Arritt systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976
Product Assistant: Kathryn Schrumpf United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the
Marketing Manager: Julie Schuster publisher.
Content Project Manager: Cheryll
Linthicum For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Art Director: Vernon Boes Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706.
Manufacturing Planner: Doug Bertke For permission to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Intellectual Property Analyst:
Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
Christina Ciaramella
.
Intellectual Property Project Manager:
Farah Fard
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941787
Text and Cover Designer: C. Miller
Cover Image Credit: Abstract background: ISBN: 978-1-305-26892-0
iStockPhoto.com/Pobytov; Office worker:
Pressmaster/Shutterstock.com; financial
Cengage Learning
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Production Service and Compositor: Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions
Cenveo® Publisher Services with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more
than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at
www.cengage.com.
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson
Education, Ltd.
To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com.
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our
preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com.
Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2015
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, Contents
Preface / xiii
Chapter 1
General Overview / 1
Chapter 2
Descriptive Statistics / 5
2.1 Introduction / 5 2.9 Case Study 1: Effects of Lead Exposure on
Neurological and Psychological Function in
2.2 Measures of Location / 6
Children / 32
2.3 Some Properties of the Arithmetic
2.10 Case Study 2: Effects of Tobacco Use
Mean / 14
on Bone-Mineral Density in Middle-Aged
2.4 Measures of Spread / 16 Women / 32
2.5 Some Properties of the Variance 2.11 Obtaining Descriptive Statistics
and Standard Deviation / 20 on the Computer / 35
2.6 The Coefficient of Variation / 22 2.12 Summary / 35
2.7 Grouped Data / 24 Problems / 35
2.8 Graphic Methods / 27
vii
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, viii Contents
Chapter 3
Probability / 42
3.1 Introduction / 42 3.7 Bayes’ Rule and Screening Tests / 55
3.2 Definition of Probability / 43 3.8 Bayesian Inference / 60
3.3 Some Useful Probabilistic Notation / 44 3.9 ROC Curves / 61
3.4 The Multiplication Law of Probability / 46 3.10 Prevalence and Incidence / 63
3.5 The Addition Law of Probability / 48 3.11 Summary / 64
3.6 Conditional Probability / 50 Problems / 65
Chapter 4
Discrete Probability Distributions / 77
4.1 Introduction / 77 4.8 The Binomial Distribution / 90
4.2 Random Variables / 78 4.9 Expected Value and Variance
of the Binomial Distribution / 96
4.3 The Probability-Mass Function for
a Discrete Random Variable / 79 4.10 The Poisson Distribution / 98
4.4 The Expected Value of a Discrete 4.11 Computation of Poisson Probabilities / 101
Random Variable / 81
4.12 Expected Value and Variance
4.5 The Variance of a Discrete of the Poisson Distribution / 102
Random Variable / 82
4.13 Poisson Approximation to the
4.6 The Cumulative-Distribution Function Binomial Distribution / 104
of a Discrete Random Variable / 84
4.14 Summary / 106
4.7 Permutations and Combinations / 85
Problems / 107
Chapter 5
Continuous Probability Distributions / 115
5.1 Introduction / 115 5.6 Linear Combinations of Random
Variables / 132
5.2 General Concepts / 115
5.7 Normal Approximation to the Binomial
5.3 The Normal Distribution / 118
Distribution / 133
5.4 Properties of the Standard Normal
5.8 Normal Approximation to the Poisson
Distribution / 121
Distribution / 139
5.5 Conversion from an N ( μ,σ2) Distribution
5.9 Summary / 141
to an N (0,1) Distribution / 127
Problems / 142
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Eighth Edition
WCN: 02-200-203
Bernard Rosner
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Product Manager: Rita Lombard herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form
Content Developer: Andrew Coppola or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not
limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web
Associate Content Developer: Spencer distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval
Arritt systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976
Product Assistant: Kathryn Schrumpf United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the
Marketing Manager: Julie Schuster publisher.
Content Project Manager: Cheryll
Linthicum For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Art Director: Vernon Boes Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706.
Manufacturing Planner: Doug Bertke For permission to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Intellectual Property Analyst:
Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
Christina Ciaramella
.
Intellectual Property Project Manager:
Farah Fard
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941787
Text and Cover Designer: C. Miller
Cover Image Credit: Abstract background: ISBN: 978-1-305-26892-0
iStockPhoto.com/Pobytov; Office worker:
Pressmaster/Shutterstock.com; financial
Cengage Learning
diagram: iStockPhoto.com/Petrovich9;
20 Channel Center Street
Test tube: iStockPhoto/HadelProductions;
Boston, MA 02210
financial diagram: iStockPhoto.com/
USA
SergeyTimashov; Lab glass: iStocklPhoto.
com/isak55.
Production Service and Compositor: Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions
Cenveo® Publisher Services with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more
than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at
www.cengage.com.
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson
Education, Ltd.
To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com.
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our
preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com.
Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2015
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, Contents
Preface / xiii
Chapter 1
General Overview / 1
Chapter 2
Descriptive Statistics / 5
2.1 Introduction / 5 2.9 Case Study 1: Effects of Lead Exposure on
Neurological and Psychological Function in
2.2 Measures of Location / 6
Children / 32
2.3 Some Properties of the Arithmetic
2.10 Case Study 2: Effects of Tobacco Use
Mean / 14
on Bone-Mineral Density in Middle-Aged
2.4 Measures of Spread / 16 Women / 32
2.5 Some Properties of the Variance 2.11 Obtaining Descriptive Statistics
and Standard Deviation / 20 on the Computer / 35
2.6 The Coefficient of Variation / 22 2.12 Summary / 35
2.7 Grouped Data / 24 Problems / 35
2.8 Graphic Methods / 27
vii
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, viii Contents
Chapter 3
Probability / 42
3.1 Introduction / 42 3.7 Bayes’ Rule and Screening Tests / 55
3.2 Definition of Probability / 43 3.8 Bayesian Inference / 60
3.3 Some Useful Probabilistic Notation / 44 3.9 ROC Curves / 61
3.4 The Multiplication Law of Probability / 46 3.10 Prevalence and Incidence / 63
3.5 The Addition Law of Probability / 48 3.11 Summary / 64
3.6 Conditional Probability / 50 Problems / 65
Chapter 4
Discrete Probability Distributions / 77
4.1 Introduction / 77 4.8 The Binomial Distribution / 90
4.2 Random Variables / 78 4.9 Expected Value and Variance
of the Binomial Distribution / 96
4.3 The Probability-Mass Function for
a Discrete Random Variable / 79 4.10 The Poisson Distribution / 98
4.4 The Expected Value of a Discrete 4.11 Computation of Poisson Probabilities / 101
Random Variable / 81
4.12 Expected Value and Variance
4.5 The Variance of a Discrete of the Poisson Distribution / 102
Random Variable / 82
4.13 Poisson Approximation to the
4.6 The Cumulative-Distribution Function Binomial Distribution / 104
of a Discrete Random Variable / 84
4.14 Summary / 106
4.7 Permutations and Combinations / 85
Problems / 107
Chapter 5
Continuous Probability Distributions / 115
5.1 Introduction / 115 5.6 Linear Combinations of Random
Variables / 132
5.2 General Concepts / 115
5.7 Normal Approximation to the Binomial
5.3 The Normal Distribution / 118
Distribution / 133
5.4 Properties of the Standard Normal
5.8 Normal Approximation to the Poisson
Distribution / 121
Distribution / 139
5.5 Conversion from an N ( μ,σ2) Distribution
5.9 Summary / 141
to an N (0,1) Distribution / 127
Problems / 142
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
