BIOS 242 Midterm Exam Questions AND Correct Answers
1897 eduard buchner - ✔✔demonstrated process of enzymes and
began the field of biochemistry and study of metabolism
2 types of nonmembranous organelles in bacteria - ✔✔ribosomes &
cytoskeleton.
Ribosomes- sites of protein synthesis in cells. composed of protein
and ribosomal rna. (rRNA). size is expressed in svedbergs (S), and is
determined by their sedimentation rate. Bacterial ribosomes are 70S,
and are smaller than 80S eukaryotic ribosomes.
Cytoskeleton- internal network of fibers that plays a role in forming a
cells basic shape. bacteria have simple ones.
3 ways cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP - ✔✔Substrate-level
phosphorylation=transfer of phosphate from a phosphorylated
organic nutrient to ADP to form ATP.
Oxidative phosphorylation=phosphorylates ADP using inorganic
phosphate and energy from respiration
Photophosphorylation=phosphorylation of ADP with inorganic
phosphate with energy from light.
5 taxonomic identifying characteristics - ✔✔-physical characteristics
-biochemical tests- microbes ability to utilize or produce certain
chemicals.
,-serological tests using antiserum (serum containing antibodies, can
determinte if a organism produces an antigen-antibody reaction.
agglutination test is where antiserum is mixed with a sample that may
be antigenic and there will be clumping of antigen with antibodies if
the target cells are present
-bacteriophages are viruses that infect and usually destroy bacterial
cells. if a specific phage is able to kill a bacteria, it leaves a plaque.
phage typing reveals susceptibility to particular phages which helps
distinguish organisms
-analyzation of specimens nucleic acids
a cell that uses an organic carbon source and obtians energy from
chemical compounds would be called a - ✔✔chemoheterotrooh
according to modern taxonomy, similar species are grouped into... -
✔✔genera
According to the work of Buchner, which of the following is true of
enzymes. - ✔✔They promote chemical reactions
acidophiles - ✔✔grow best in acidic ph as low as 0.0
activation energy - ✔✔amount of energy required to initiate a
chemical reaction. enzymes function by lowering activation energy
needed.
,active processes - ✔✔require cells to expand energy in the form of
ATP to move chemicals across the cytoplasmic membrane against
their concentration gradient.
-moves substances via transmembrane permease proteins, which may
transport two substances in the same direction at once (symports) or
move substances in opposite directions (antiports)
-group translocation- only in some bacteria. causes chemical changes
to the substance being transported. the membrane is impermeable to
the altered substance, which is then trapped inside the cell. (ex:
phosphorylation of glucose).
aerotolerant anaerobes - ✔✔prefer anaerobic conditions but can
tolerate o2 because they have some form of the enzymes that
detoxify o2's poisonous forms.
alkalinophiles - ✔✔live in alkaline soil and water up to pH 11.5
all living things share what 4 things - ✔✔growth
reproduction
responsiveness
metabolism
cellular structure
, alternatives to glycolysis - ✔✔Yield fewer molecules of ATP than
glycolysis
Reduce coenzymes and yield different metabolites needed in anabolic
pathways
2 pathways:
Pentose phosphate pathway
Entner-Doudoroff pathway
Anabolic pathways - ✔✔Synthesize large molecules from the smaller
products of catabolism
Endergonic (require more energy than they release)
animal cultures and cell cultures - ✔✔allow for the growth of
microorganisms for which artificial media are inadequate. mammals,
bird eggs, and cultures of living cells are used.
antagonistic - ✔✔one organisms harms or kills another
archaeal cell walls and cell membranes - ✔✔most archaea have cell
walls but dont have peptidoglycan like bacterial cell walls. Also are
gram positive or negative based on cell wall components. cell wall
functions like that of bacteria.
1897 eduard buchner - ✔✔demonstrated process of enzymes and
began the field of biochemistry and study of metabolism
2 types of nonmembranous organelles in bacteria - ✔✔ribosomes &
cytoskeleton.
Ribosomes- sites of protein synthesis in cells. composed of protein
and ribosomal rna. (rRNA). size is expressed in svedbergs (S), and is
determined by their sedimentation rate. Bacterial ribosomes are 70S,
and are smaller than 80S eukaryotic ribosomes.
Cytoskeleton- internal network of fibers that plays a role in forming a
cells basic shape. bacteria have simple ones.
3 ways cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP - ✔✔Substrate-level
phosphorylation=transfer of phosphate from a phosphorylated
organic nutrient to ADP to form ATP.
Oxidative phosphorylation=phosphorylates ADP using inorganic
phosphate and energy from respiration
Photophosphorylation=phosphorylation of ADP with inorganic
phosphate with energy from light.
5 taxonomic identifying characteristics - ✔✔-physical characteristics
-biochemical tests- microbes ability to utilize or produce certain
chemicals.
,-serological tests using antiserum (serum containing antibodies, can
determinte if a organism produces an antigen-antibody reaction.
agglutination test is where antiserum is mixed with a sample that may
be antigenic and there will be clumping of antigen with antibodies if
the target cells are present
-bacteriophages are viruses that infect and usually destroy bacterial
cells. if a specific phage is able to kill a bacteria, it leaves a plaque.
phage typing reveals susceptibility to particular phages which helps
distinguish organisms
-analyzation of specimens nucleic acids
a cell that uses an organic carbon source and obtians energy from
chemical compounds would be called a - ✔✔chemoheterotrooh
according to modern taxonomy, similar species are grouped into... -
✔✔genera
According to the work of Buchner, which of the following is true of
enzymes. - ✔✔They promote chemical reactions
acidophiles - ✔✔grow best in acidic ph as low as 0.0
activation energy - ✔✔amount of energy required to initiate a
chemical reaction. enzymes function by lowering activation energy
needed.
,active processes - ✔✔require cells to expand energy in the form of
ATP to move chemicals across the cytoplasmic membrane against
their concentration gradient.
-moves substances via transmembrane permease proteins, which may
transport two substances in the same direction at once (symports) or
move substances in opposite directions (antiports)
-group translocation- only in some bacteria. causes chemical changes
to the substance being transported. the membrane is impermeable to
the altered substance, which is then trapped inside the cell. (ex:
phosphorylation of glucose).
aerotolerant anaerobes - ✔✔prefer anaerobic conditions but can
tolerate o2 because they have some form of the enzymes that
detoxify o2's poisonous forms.
alkalinophiles - ✔✔live in alkaline soil and water up to pH 11.5
all living things share what 4 things - ✔✔growth
reproduction
responsiveness
metabolism
cellular structure
, alternatives to glycolysis - ✔✔Yield fewer molecules of ATP than
glycolysis
Reduce coenzymes and yield different metabolites needed in anabolic
pathways
2 pathways:
Pentose phosphate pathway
Entner-Doudoroff pathway
Anabolic pathways - ✔✔Synthesize large molecules from the smaller
products of catabolism
Endergonic (require more energy than they release)
animal cultures and cell cultures - ✔✔allow for the growth of
microorganisms for which artificial media are inadequate. mammals,
bird eggs, and cultures of living cells are used.
antagonistic - ✔✔one organisms harms or kills another
archaeal cell walls and cell membranes - ✔✔most archaea have cell
walls but dont have peptidoglycan like bacterial cell walls. Also are
gram positive or negative based on cell wall components. cell wall
functions like that of bacteria.
