According to the oxygen supply and demand framework, oxygen supply depends
on...
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Cardiac output and arterial oxygen content
Liver's drug detoxication
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The liver metabolizes fat soluble steroid hormones, making them inactive
and water soluble so they can be excreted through urine or bile (bile helps
carry waste products away from the liver). Deamination involves removal of
an amino group and hydrogen atom from an amino acid to yield ammonia,
which is a toxin. The ammonia is rapidly removed from the blood by the
liver and is combined with CO2 to form urea, which is excreted in the urine.
convert or deamination:
- ammonia (toxic) -> urea
sex hormones -> cholesterol
- needed to make steroids
- deactivate hormones (estrogen)
detoxify:
- toxins, drugs
Prevention?
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a: immunization, food/water/hand hygiene, avoid needlestick injuries
b: immunization, avoid blood contamination and sharing of razors or
earrings, avoid needlestick injuries
c: avoid blood contamination and sharing of razors or earrings, avoid
needlestick injuries (take antiviral drug asap if infection occurs)
end stage renal disease
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, the end result of many renal disease
tissues are small bilaterally and scarred
impaired function evidenced by increasing BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and
serum creatinine
Clinical course/phases of viral hepatitis
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, Incubation:
Infectious state/spreading virus
Reproducing virus
Likely no symptoms
prodromal/pre-icterus:
Symptoms present: Inflammatory mediators affecting brain: malaise, fever,
N/V, Anorexia, Liver inflammation: pain in RUQ, enlarged liver, increase AST
and ALT, Other symptoms related to diagnosis (ex. Hepatitis → Utricaria
and Athraligas (toxic bili accumulation causes inflammatory response,
synovial joints more sensitive)
No jaundice yet (not visually hepatitis specific yet)
Infectious
3-10 days
Possible signs of liver failure (dark urine due to conjugated bilirubin)
Icteric phase:
Yellow phase/signs of jaundice
Splenomegaly
1-2wk
Start feeling better, symptoms lessen
Labs: hyperbilirubinemia with abnormally high unconjugated percentage
Recovery:
Jaundice fades
Normal functioning liver
2-4wk
Appropriate intervention for heart failure exacerbation addressing impaired gas
exchange
Give this one a try later!
Position patient in semi-fowlers
on...
Give this one a try later!
Cardiac output and arterial oxygen content
Liver's drug detoxication
,Give this one a try later!
The liver metabolizes fat soluble steroid hormones, making them inactive
and water soluble so they can be excreted through urine or bile (bile helps
carry waste products away from the liver). Deamination involves removal of
an amino group and hydrogen atom from an amino acid to yield ammonia,
which is a toxin. The ammonia is rapidly removed from the blood by the
liver and is combined with CO2 to form urea, which is excreted in the urine.
convert or deamination:
- ammonia (toxic) -> urea
sex hormones -> cholesterol
- needed to make steroids
- deactivate hormones (estrogen)
detoxify:
- toxins, drugs
Prevention?
Give this one a try later!
a: immunization, food/water/hand hygiene, avoid needlestick injuries
b: immunization, avoid blood contamination and sharing of razors or
earrings, avoid needlestick injuries
c: avoid blood contamination and sharing of razors or earrings, avoid
needlestick injuries (take antiviral drug asap if infection occurs)
end stage renal disease
Give this one a try later!
, the end result of many renal disease
tissues are small bilaterally and scarred
impaired function evidenced by increasing BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and
serum creatinine
Clinical course/phases of viral hepatitis
Give this one a try later!
, Incubation:
Infectious state/spreading virus
Reproducing virus
Likely no symptoms
prodromal/pre-icterus:
Symptoms present: Inflammatory mediators affecting brain: malaise, fever,
N/V, Anorexia, Liver inflammation: pain in RUQ, enlarged liver, increase AST
and ALT, Other symptoms related to diagnosis (ex. Hepatitis → Utricaria
and Athraligas (toxic bili accumulation causes inflammatory response,
synovial joints more sensitive)
No jaundice yet (not visually hepatitis specific yet)
Infectious
3-10 days
Possible signs of liver failure (dark urine due to conjugated bilirubin)
Icteric phase:
Yellow phase/signs of jaundice
Splenomegaly
1-2wk
Start feeling better, symptoms lessen
Labs: hyperbilirubinemia with abnormally high unconjugated percentage
Recovery:
Jaundice fades
Normal functioning liver
2-4wk
Appropriate intervention for heart failure exacerbation addressing impaired gas
exchange
Give this one a try later!
Position patient in semi-fowlers
