SOLUTION MANUAL
All Chapters Included
,Table of Contents
Chapter 1: What Is Criminal Justice? 1
Chapter 2: The Crime Picture 13
Chapter 3: Criminal Law 24
Chapter 4: Policing: Agencies and Structure 35
Chapter 5: Policing: Purpose and Organization 43
Chapter 6: Policing: Legal Aspects 49
Chapter 7: Policing: Issues and Challenges 62
Chapter 8: The Courts: Structure and Participants 74
Chapter 9: Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial 86
Chapter 10: Sentencing 95
Chapter 11: Probation, Parole, and Reentry 110
Chapter 12: Prisons and Jails 119
Chapter 13: Prison Life 125
Chapter 14: Justice-Involved Youth 136
ii
, CHAPTER 1
What Is Criminal Justice?
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The American experience with crime during the last half century has been
especially influentialin shaping the criminal justice system of today. Although
crime waves have come and gone, some events during the past century stand out
as especially significant, including a spurt of widespread organized criminal
activity associated with the Prohibition years of the early twentieth century, the
substantial increase in “traditional” crimes during the 1960s and 1970s, the
threat to the American way of life represented by illicit drugs around the same
time, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the ongoing threat from
radical Islam.
The theme of this book is individual rights versus public order. As this chapter
points out, the personal freedoms guaranteed to law-abiding citizens as well as
to criminal suspects by the Constitution must be closely guarded. At the same
time, the urgent social needs of communitiesfor controlling unacceptable
behavior and protecting law-abiding citizens from harm must be recognized. This
theme is represented by two opposing groups: individual rights advocates and
public-order advocates. The fundamental challenge facing the practice of
American criminal justice is in achieving efficient and cost-effective enforcement
of the laws while simultaneouslyrecognizing and supporting the legal rights of
suspects and the legitimate personal differences and prerogatives of individuals.
Even though justice may be an elusive concept, it is important to recognize that
criminal justiceis tied closely to notions of social justice, including personal and
cultural beliefs about equity and fairness. As a goal to be achieved, criminal
justice refers to those aspects of social justice that concern violations of the
criminal law. Although community interests in the administrationof criminal
justice demand the apprehension and punishment of law violators, criminal
justice ideals extend to the protection of the innocent, the fair treatment of
offenders, and fair play by justice administration agencies.
This chapter briefly describes the process of American criminal justice as a system
1
, with three major components—police, courts, and corrections—all of which can be
described as working together toward a common goal. However, a cooperative
systems viewpoint is useful primarily for the simplification that it provides. A
more realistic approach to understanding criminal justicemay be the nonsystem
approach. As a nonsystem, the criminal justice process is depicted as a fragmented
activity in which individuals and agencies within the process have interests and
goalsthat at times coincide but often conflict.
2
All Chapters Included
,Table of Contents
Chapter 1: What Is Criminal Justice? 1
Chapter 2: The Crime Picture 13
Chapter 3: Criminal Law 24
Chapter 4: Policing: Agencies and Structure 35
Chapter 5: Policing: Purpose and Organization 43
Chapter 6: Policing: Legal Aspects 49
Chapter 7: Policing: Issues and Challenges 62
Chapter 8: The Courts: Structure and Participants 74
Chapter 9: Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial 86
Chapter 10: Sentencing 95
Chapter 11: Probation, Parole, and Reentry 110
Chapter 12: Prisons and Jails 119
Chapter 13: Prison Life 125
Chapter 14: Justice-Involved Youth 136
ii
, CHAPTER 1
What Is Criminal Justice?
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The American experience with crime during the last half century has been
especially influentialin shaping the criminal justice system of today. Although
crime waves have come and gone, some events during the past century stand out
as especially significant, including a spurt of widespread organized criminal
activity associated with the Prohibition years of the early twentieth century, the
substantial increase in “traditional” crimes during the 1960s and 1970s, the
threat to the American way of life represented by illicit drugs around the same
time, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the ongoing threat from
radical Islam.
The theme of this book is individual rights versus public order. As this chapter
points out, the personal freedoms guaranteed to law-abiding citizens as well as
to criminal suspects by the Constitution must be closely guarded. At the same
time, the urgent social needs of communitiesfor controlling unacceptable
behavior and protecting law-abiding citizens from harm must be recognized. This
theme is represented by two opposing groups: individual rights advocates and
public-order advocates. The fundamental challenge facing the practice of
American criminal justice is in achieving efficient and cost-effective enforcement
of the laws while simultaneouslyrecognizing and supporting the legal rights of
suspects and the legitimate personal differences and prerogatives of individuals.
Even though justice may be an elusive concept, it is important to recognize that
criminal justiceis tied closely to notions of social justice, including personal and
cultural beliefs about equity and fairness. As a goal to be achieved, criminal
justice refers to those aspects of social justice that concern violations of the
criminal law. Although community interests in the administrationof criminal
justice demand the apprehension and punishment of law violators, criminal
justice ideals extend to the protection of the innocent, the fair treatment of
offenders, and fair play by justice administration agencies.
This chapter briefly describes the process of American criminal justice as a system
1
, with three major components—police, courts, and corrections—all of which can be
described as working together toward a common goal. However, a cooperative
systems viewpoint is useful primarily for the simplification that it provides. A
more realistic approach to understanding criminal justicemay be the nonsystem
approach. As a nonsystem, the criminal justice process is depicted as a fragmented
activity in which individuals and agencies within the process have interests and
goalsthat at times coincide but often conflict.
2
