BPK 241 final Exam 2026 Questions and
Answers
name the spinal columns and the number of vertebrae that are in each column -
Correct answer-cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacral - 5 (fused)
coccyx
features of vertebrates - Correct answer-- vertebrae body (big circular)
- spinous process (strait out the back of vertebrae)
- lateral/transverse process (2 out of sides of the vertebrae)
- superiors and inferiors articular facets (connect to other vertebrae to form a joint)
types of facets in different vertebras - Correct answer-cervical facets - horizontal to
allow lots of flexion-extension, lateral flection to each side and rotation
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,thoracic facets - more frontal plane orientation to allow some side to side
movement, lots of rotation, some flexion, and extension
lumbar facets - sagittal plane orientation, lots of flexion and extension, little
rotation
intervertebral discs - Correct answer-- annulus fibrosis on the outside
- the orientation of the fibers alternate with each layer
- internally there is a nucleus pulposus (gel)
function:
stability
cushioning
superficial spine muscle - Correct answer-erector spinae
- flexion, extension and lateral flexion (in all spinal columns)
- rotation (cervical and thoracic only)
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,deep spine muscle - Correct answer-transversospinalis
- lateral flexion and extension to the side that is contracting
- Turing head and neck towards the opposite side that's contracting
when both sides contract they help to keep us upright (when standing of sitting)
where the nerve roots exit from the spine - Correct answer-cervical has 8 nerve
roots (only 7 cervical vertebrae so the 8th root is coming out between C7 and T1)
thoracic has 12
lumbar has 5
sacral has 5
spine sprain and strain - Correct answer-General
- Common (twisting, lifting)
- Recurrence is common SSx
- Pain & tenderness
- Muscle spasm (delayed onset)
- Restricted ROM (early or delayed onset)
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, - Increased warmth
- N.B.: if any neurologic SSx are present (Radiating pain,Weakness, numbness,
absent DTR (deep tendon reflex)) assume fracture, dislocation or disc injury -
stabilize and transport to hospital
Tx
- Rest - supine - 2 days
- NSAID
- Cold therapy at first
- Heat therapy later
- Physiotherapy or massage Tx
- Comprehensive, supervised rehabilitation program
(Flexibility, Strengthening, Task-specific)
- Correct predisposing factors
- Gradual return to activity
Lumbar disc herniation - Correct answer-- Nucleus pulposus breaks through
annulus fibrosis
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Answers
name the spinal columns and the number of vertebrae that are in each column -
Correct answer-cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacral - 5 (fused)
coccyx
features of vertebrates - Correct answer-- vertebrae body (big circular)
- spinous process (strait out the back of vertebrae)
- lateral/transverse process (2 out of sides of the vertebrae)
- superiors and inferiors articular facets (connect to other vertebrae to form a joint)
types of facets in different vertebras - Correct answer-cervical facets - horizontal to
allow lots of flexion-extension, lateral flection to each side and rotation
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,thoracic facets - more frontal plane orientation to allow some side to side
movement, lots of rotation, some flexion, and extension
lumbar facets - sagittal plane orientation, lots of flexion and extension, little
rotation
intervertebral discs - Correct answer-- annulus fibrosis on the outside
- the orientation of the fibers alternate with each layer
- internally there is a nucleus pulposus (gel)
function:
stability
cushioning
superficial spine muscle - Correct answer-erector spinae
- flexion, extension and lateral flexion (in all spinal columns)
- rotation (cervical and thoracic only)
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,deep spine muscle - Correct answer-transversospinalis
- lateral flexion and extension to the side that is contracting
- Turing head and neck towards the opposite side that's contracting
when both sides contract they help to keep us upright (when standing of sitting)
where the nerve roots exit from the spine - Correct answer-cervical has 8 nerve
roots (only 7 cervical vertebrae so the 8th root is coming out between C7 and T1)
thoracic has 12
lumbar has 5
sacral has 5
spine sprain and strain - Correct answer-General
- Common (twisting, lifting)
- Recurrence is common SSx
- Pain & tenderness
- Muscle spasm (delayed onset)
- Restricted ROM (early or delayed onset)
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, - Increased warmth
- N.B.: if any neurologic SSx are present (Radiating pain,Weakness, numbness,
absent DTR (deep tendon reflex)) assume fracture, dislocation or disc injury -
stabilize and transport to hospital
Tx
- Rest - supine - 2 days
- NSAID
- Cold therapy at first
- Heat therapy later
- Physiotherapy or massage Tx
- Comprehensive, supervised rehabilitation program
(Flexibility, Strengthening, Task-specific)
- Correct predisposing factors
- Gradual return to activity
Lumbar disc herniation - Correct answer-- Nucleus pulposus breaks through
annulus fibrosis
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
