Mark Klimek NCLEX Study Guide.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2025/2026.
Name the five/six essential nutrients - anscarbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
The major source of energy for the body is - anscarbs
carbs provide ____________ Kcalories per 1 gram - ans4
Sucrose is a sugar found in ____________ and _____________. - ansfruits, veggies
Lactose is a sugar found in ? - ansmilk
What is glycogen? - ansIt is a stored formed of glucose/energy manufactured by the liver
Is glycogen eaten in foods? - ansNO! It is a stored form of glucose MANUFACTURED by
the liver.
When the body does not receive enough carbs it burns ___________ and _____________. -
ansprotein, fat
The most concentrated source of energy for the body is ___________. - ansfats
Fats provide ___________ Kcalories per 1 gram. - ans9
Fats carry vitamins - ansA,D,E,K (Remember FADE K!)
The nutrient needed most for growth and repair of tissues is _____________. - ansprotein
(second best is Vit C)
Proteins provide __________ Kcalories per 1 gram. - ans4
Vitamins and minerals provide energy for the body. (T/F) - ansFalse- they are necessary for a
body's chemical reactions.
Water is present in ALL body tissues. (T/F) - ansTrue (even bone)
Water accounts for ________ to ___________% of an adult's total weight? - ans50 to 60%
Name the four basic food groups - ansMilk & Cheese, Meat & Legumes, Veggies & Fruits,
Bread & Cereal
Water acounts for __________ to _________% of an infant's total weight? - ans70 to 75%
An individual is overweight if they are ________% above the ideal weight. - ans10
An individual is obese if they weigh ________% above the ideal weight. - ans20
What solution and material are used to cleanse the eyes of an infant? - ansPlain water, cotton
balls, washcloths
Can you use cotton swabs to clean the eyes, nares or ears of an infant? - ansNo, this is
dangerous
Can you use the same cotton ball/washcloth edge for both eyes? - ansNo, it would cross
contaminate
Should you cover an unhealed umbilical site with the diaper? - ansNo, fold the diaper down.
What temperature is appropriate for the water used to bathe an infant? - ans100 to 105
What is the #1 purpose of a tepid sponge bath? - ansLower body temperature during fever.
How should the temperature of the water be tested if no thermometer is available? -
ansDropping water on inside surface of your forearm.
With which body part do you begin when bathing an infant? - ansEyes always
When cleansing an infant's eye, cleanse from outer to inner canthus? - ansNo, inner to outer
Should you retract the foreskin of a 5 week old male, uncircumcised infant to cleanse the
area? - ansNo, not until foreskin retracts naturally and without resistance- then it should be
retracted, cleansed and replaced.
When sponge-bathing with tepid water the correct temp is _____________. - ans98.6 F
,Mark Klimek NCLEX Study Guide.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2025/2026.
How long does it take for the umbilical stump to fall off? - ans7 to 14 days
The primary reason why an infant is draped during the bath is to provide privacy. (T/F) -
ansFalse, the primary purpose of draping is to prevent chilling.
You may use friction to remove vernix caseosa from an infant's skin. (T/F) - ansFalse, it
causes damage/bruising
What solution is commonly used for care of umbilical cord? - ans70% alcohol to promote
drying (trend is toward soap and water)
What cranial nerve is affected in Bell's Palsy? - ans#7, facial nerve
What is the #1 symptom of Bell's Palsy? - ansOne sided (unilateral) facial paralysis
Complete recovery from the paralysis of Bell's Palsy should occur in _______ to ______
months. - ans4 to 6
In addition to the facial paralysis, the sense of ______ is also affected. - anstaste
Will the patient be able to close their eye on the affected side? - ansno
Give three eye interventions for the client with Bell's Palsy. - ansDark glasses, artificial tears,
cover eye at night
As the prostate enlarges it compresses the ___________ and causes urinary ________. -
ansUrethra, rentention
At what age does BPH occur? - ansmen over 50 years of age
What does BPH stand for? - ansBenign Prostatic Hypertrophy
IN BPH the man has (increased/decreased) frequency of urination - ansincreased
In BPH the force of the urinary stream is (increased/decreased). - ansdecreased
The man with BPH has a _________-stream of urine - ansforked
The man with BPH has hesitancey. What does this mean? - ansDifficulty starting to void
Will the man with BPH have enuresis, nocturia or hematuria? - ansEnuresis-No, Nocturia-
Yes, and Hematuria-Maybe
Enuresis - ansinability to control the flow of urine and involuntary urination
What is the best way to screen men for BPH? - ansDigital rectal exam
Should fluids be forced or restricted in BPH? - ansforced
What does TURP stand for? - ansTransurethral resection of the prostate
The most radical prostate surgery is the ____________ prostatectomy. - ansPerineal
What type of diet is used in BPH? - ansAcid Ash
Acid Ash diet - ansDecrease pH (makes urine acid)
Chz, eggs, Meat, fish, oysters, poultry, Bread, Cereal, Whole Grains, Pastries, Cranberries,
Prunes, Plums, Tomatoes, Peas, Corn, Legumes.
What is the primary purpose of a 3 way continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) after TURP? -
ansTo keep the catheter clear of clots and to drain urine
What solution is used for CBI? - ansNormal saline (0.9 NaCl)
How fast do you run the CBI? - ansAt whatever rate it takes to keep the urine flowing and
free of clots
What drug is use to treat bladder spasm? - ansB&O suppositories (Belladonna & Opiates)
Should you take a rectal temp after prostatectomy? Give stool softeners? - ansNo rectal
temperatures, yes stool softeners
,Mark Klimek NCLEX Study Guide.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2025/2026.
You should call the MD after TURP when you see _________ thick ________,
_____________ clots, and ____________ urine drainage on the dressing. - ansBright thick
blood, persistent clots, persistent urine on dressing (don't call MD for transitory clots and
urine on dressing.)
If you see an increase in blood content of urine coming out of the catheter, you would first
___________. - ansPull carefully on the catheter to apply local pressure on the prostate with
the Foley balloon.
If you see clots in the tubing you would first ____________. - ansIncrease the flow-rate.
What exercises should the post prostectomy patient do upon discharge? Why? - ansPerineal
exercises, start and stop stream of urine, because dribbling is a common but temporary
problem post op
Will the post prostectomy patient be impotent? - ansIf TURP, no impotence, if perineal
prostatectomy, yes impotence
How often should the drainage bag be emptied? - ansEvery 8 hours
What is the most common problem due to catheterization? - ansUTI
What is the most common organism to cause UTI with catheterization? - ansE. coli
What is the most common route for organisms to enter the blader when a catheterization is
used? - ansUp through the inside of the catheter in the days following catheterization
Name foods that make acid urine - ansCranberry juice, apple juice (avoid citrus juices- they
make alkaline urine)
What is important about the level of the urinary drainage bag? - ansNever have the bag at a
higher level than the bladder.
How is the catheter taped in a male client? - ansTo the lateral thigh or abdomen
How is the catheter taped in a female client? - ansTo the upper thigh
What urinary pH prevents UTI? - ansAcidity, low pH
Should the drainage bag ever touch the floor? - ansNo
Is it ok to routinely irrigate indwelling catheters? - ansNo
What agents are best for catheter care? - ansSoap and water
What is the most effective way to decrease UTI with catheters? - ansKeep the drainage
system closed, do not disconnect junction of tubing
Give some signs of infection in a Foley catheter - ansCloudy urine, foul smelling urine,
hematuria
Is urinary incontinence an indication for catheterization? - ansNo
Give three appropriate indications for bladder catheterization? - ansUrinary retention, to
check for residual, to monitor hourly output
What are the top 2 diagnoses for a client with a catheter? Which is #1? - ans#1- Potential for
infection; Potential impairment of urethral tissue integrity
What is systole? - ansThe MAXIMAL force of blood on artery walls
What is diastole? - ansThe LOWEST force of blood on artery walls
Accurate blood pressure is obtained by using a cuff that has width of __________ of the arm.
- ansTwo-thirds
Which artery is most commonly used to measure blood pressure? - ansBrachial
, Mark Klimek NCLEX Study Guide.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2025/2026.
Can the thigh EVER be used to obtain a blood pressure? - ansYes, but this is rare.
When pressure is auscultated the first sound heard is the ____________ measurement. -
ansSystolic
The change in the character of the sounds is known as the ________ - ansFirst diastolic sound
The cessation of sounds is known as the _________ - ansSecond diastolic sound
When 2 values are given in a blood pressure the first is the __________measurement. -
ansSystolic
When 2 values are given in a blood pressue, the bottom number stands for the change in
sounds or cessation of sounds? - ansCessation of sounds
What is the normal adult blood pressure? - ans120/80
Abnromally high blood pressure is called____________. - ansHypertension
What is the pulse pressure? - ansThe difference between the systolic and the diastolic blood
pressure
If you deflate a cuff TOO SLOWLY, the reading will be too high or low? Why? - ansHigh,
venous congestion makes the arterial pressure higher (increases resistance)
If you use too narrow of a cuff the reading will be too high or low? - ansHigh
Vasoconstriction will ___________ blood pressure. - ansIncrease
Vasodilation will ____________ blood pressure. - ansDecrease
Shock will ___________ blood pressure. - ansDecrease
Increased intracranial pressure will _________ the pulse pressure. - ansIncrease or Widen
If my blood pressure is 190/110, what is my pulse pressure? - ans80 mmHg
What blood test must be done before a transfusion? - ansType and cross match
What does a type and cross match indicate? - ansWhether the client's blood and donor blood
are compatible.
What should the nurse measure before starting a transfusion? - ansVital signs
With what solution should blood be transfused? - ans0.9 normal saline
How many nurses are requried to check the blood? - ans2 nurses
What happens when blood is administered with Dextrose IVs? - ansThe cells clump together
& don't flow well
If a transfusion reaction occurs what should the nurse do first? - ansStop the blood flow &
start running the saline
How long can a unit of blood be on the unit before it must be started? - ansLess than 1/2 hour
What should the nurse do with the IV line if transfusion reaction is suspected? - ansKeep it
open with saline
If a transfusion reaction is suspected, what two samples are collected and sent to the lab? -
ansUrine & blood
If a unit of blood is infused through a central line it must be__________. - ansWarmed
Which of the following are signs of transfusion reaction? Bradycardia, Fever, Hives,
Wheezing,
Increased Blood Pressure, Low Back Pain - ansLow back pain, wheezing, fever, hives
What are three types of transfusion reactions that can occur? - ansHemolytic, febrile, allergic
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2025/2026.
Name the five/six essential nutrients - anscarbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
The major source of energy for the body is - anscarbs
carbs provide ____________ Kcalories per 1 gram - ans4
Sucrose is a sugar found in ____________ and _____________. - ansfruits, veggies
Lactose is a sugar found in ? - ansmilk
What is glycogen? - ansIt is a stored formed of glucose/energy manufactured by the liver
Is glycogen eaten in foods? - ansNO! It is a stored form of glucose MANUFACTURED by
the liver.
When the body does not receive enough carbs it burns ___________ and _____________. -
ansprotein, fat
The most concentrated source of energy for the body is ___________. - ansfats
Fats provide ___________ Kcalories per 1 gram. - ans9
Fats carry vitamins - ansA,D,E,K (Remember FADE K!)
The nutrient needed most for growth and repair of tissues is _____________. - ansprotein
(second best is Vit C)
Proteins provide __________ Kcalories per 1 gram. - ans4
Vitamins and minerals provide energy for the body. (T/F) - ansFalse- they are necessary for a
body's chemical reactions.
Water is present in ALL body tissues. (T/F) - ansTrue (even bone)
Water accounts for ________ to ___________% of an adult's total weight? - ans50 to 60%
Name the four basic food groups - ansMilk & Cheese, Meat & Legumes, Veggies & Fruits,
Bread & Cereal
Water acounts for __________ to _________% of an infant's total weight? - ans70 to 75%
An individual is overweight if they are ________% above the ideal weight. - ans10
An individual is obese if they weigh ________% above the ideal weight. - ans20
What solution and material are used to cleanse the eyes of an infant? - ansPlain water, cotton
balls, washcloths
Can you use cotton swabs to clean the eyes, nares or ears of an infant? - ansNo, this is
dangerous
Can you use the same cotton ball/washcloth edge for both eyes? - ansNo, it would cross
contaminate
Should you cover an unhealed umbilical site with the diaper? - ansNo, fold the diaper down.
What temperature is appropriate for the water used to bathe an infant? - ans100 to 105
What is the #1 purpose of a tepid sponge bath? - ansLower body temperature during fever.
How should the temperature of the water be tested if no thermometer is available? -
ansDropping water on inside surface of your forearm.
With which body part do you begin when bathing an infant? - ansEyes always
When cleansing an infant's eye, cleanse from outer to inner canthus? - ansNo, inner to outer
Should you retract the foreskin of a 5 week old male, uncircumcised infant to cleanse the
area? - ansNo, not until foreskin retracts naturally and without resistance- then it should be
retracted, cleansed and replaced.
When sponge-bathing with tepid water the correct temp is _____________. - ans98.6 F
,Mark Klimek NCLEX Study Guide.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2025/2026.
How long does it take for the umbilical stump to fall off? - ans7 to 14 days
The primary reason why an infant is draped during the bath is to provide privacy. (T/F) -
ansFalse, the primary purpose of draping is to prevent chilling.
You may use friction to remove vernix caseosa from an infant's skin. (T/F) - ansFalse, it
causes damage/bruising
What solution is commonly used for care of umbilical cord? - ans70% alcohol to promote
drying (trend is toward soap and water)
What cranial nerve is affected in Bell's Palsy? - ans#7, facial nerve
What is the #1 symptom of Bell's Palsy? - ansOne sided (unilateral) facial paralysis
Complete recovery from the paralysis of Bell's Palsy should occur in _______ to ______
months. - ans4 to 6
In addition to the facial paralysis, the sense of ______ is also affected. - anstaste
Will the patient be able to close their eye on the affected side? - ansno
Give three eye interventions for the client with Bell's Palsy. - ansDark glasses, artificial tears,
cover eye at night
As the prostate enlarges it compresses the ___________ and causes urinary ________. -
ansUrethra, rentention
At what age does BPH occur? - ansmen over 50 years of age
What does BPH stand for? - ansBenign Prostatic Hypertrophy
IN BPH the man has (increased/decreased) frequency of urination - ansincreased
In BPH the force of the urinary stream is (increased/decreased). - ansdecreased
The man with BPH has a _________-stream of urine - ansforked
The man with BPH has hesitancey. What does this mean? - ansDifficulty starting to void
Will the man with BPH have enuresis, nocturia or hematuria? - ansEnuresis-No, Nocturia-
Yes, and Hematuria-Maybe
Enuresis - ansinability to control the flow of urine and involuntary urination
What is the best way to screen men for BPH? - ansDigital rectal exam
Should fluids be forced or restricted in BPH? - ansforced
What does TURP stand for? - ansTransurethral resection of the prostate
The most radical prostate surgery is the ____________ prostatectomy. - ansPerineal
What type of diet is used in BPH? - ansAcid Ash
Acid Ash diet - ansDecrease pH (makes urine acid)
Chz, eggs, Meat, fish, oysters, poultry, Bread, Cereal, Whole Grains, Pastries, Cranberries,
Prunes, Plums, Tomatoes, Peas, Corn, Legumes.
What is the primary purpose of a 3 way continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) after TURP? -
ansTo keep the catheter clear of clots and to drain urine
What solution is used for CBI? - ansNormal saline (0.9 NaCl)
How fast do you run the CBI? - ansAt whatever rate it takes to keep the urine flowing and
free of clots
What drug is use to treat bladder spasm? - ansB&O suppositories (Belladonna & Opiates)
Should you take a rectal temp after prostatectomy? Give stool softeners? - ansNo rectal
temperatures, yes stool softeners
,Mark Klimek NCLEX Study Guide.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2025/2026.
You should call the MD after TURP when you see _________ thick ________,
_____________ clots, and ____________ urine drainage on the dressing. - ansBright thick
blood, persistent clots, persistent urine on dressing (don't call MD for transitory clots and
urine on dressing.)
If you see an increase in blood content of urine coming out of the catheter, you would first
___________. - ansPull carefully on the catheter to apply local pressure on the prostate with
the Foley balloon.
If you see clots in the tubing you would first ____________. - ansIncrease the flow-rate.
What exercises should the post prostectomy patient do upon discharge? Why? - ansPerineal
exercises, start and stop stream of urine, because dribbling is a common but temporary
problem post op
Will the post prostectomy patient be impotent? - ansIf TURP, no impotence, if perineal
prostatectomy, yes impotence
How often should the drainage bag be emptied? - ansEvery 8 hours
What is the most common problem due to catheterization? - ansUTI
What is the most common organism to cause UTI with catheterization? - ansE. coli
What is the most common route for organisms to enter the blader when a catheterization is
used? - ansUp through the inside of the catheter in the days following catheterization
Name foods that make acid urine - ansCranberry juice, apple juice (avoid citrus juices- they
make alkaline urine)
What is important about the level of the urinary drainage bag? - ansNever have the bag at a
higher level than the bladder.
How is the catheter taped in a male client? - ansTo the lateral thigh or abdomen
How is the catheter taped in a female client? - ansTo the upper thigh
What urinary pH prevents UTI? - ansAcidity, low pH
Should the drainage bag ever touch the floor? - ansNo
Is it ok to routinely irrigate indwelling catheters? - ansNo
What agents are best for catheter care? - ansSoap and water
What is the most effective way to decrease UTI with catheters? - ansKeep the drainage
system closed, do not disconnect junction of tubing
Give some signs of infection in a Foley catheter - ansCloudy urine, foul smelling urine,
hematuria
Is urinary incontinence an indication for catheterization? - ansNo
Give three appropriate indications for bladder catheterization? - ansUrinary retention, to
check for residual, to monitor hourly output
What are the top 2 diagnoses for a client with a catheter? Which is #1? - ans#1- Potential for
infection; Potential impairment of urethral tissue integrity
What is systole? - ansThe MAXIMAL force of blood on artery walls
What is diastole? - ansThe LOWEST force of blood on artery walls
Accurate blood pressure is obtained by using a cuff that has width of __________ of the arm.
- ansTwo-thirds
Which artery is most commonly used to measure blood pressure? - ansBrachial
, Mark Klimek NCLEX Study Guide.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2025/2026.
Can the thigh EVER be used to obtain a blood pressure? - ansYes, but this is rare.
When pressure is auscultated the first sound heard is the ____________ measurement. -
ansSystolic
The change in the character of the sounds is known as the ________ - ansFirst diastolic sound
The cessation of sounds is known as the _________ - ansSecond diastolic sound
When 2 values are given in a blood pressure the first is the __________measurement. -
ansSystolic
When 2 values are given in a blood pressue, the bottom number stands for the change in
sounds or cessation of sounds? - ansCessation of sounds
What is the normal adult blood pressure? - ans120/80
Abnromally high blood pressure is called____________. - ansHypertension
What is the pulse pressure? - ansThe difference between the systolic and the diastolic blood
pressure
If you deflate a cuff TOO SLOWLY, the reading will be too high or low? Why? - ansHigh,
venous congestion makes the arterial pressure higher (increases resistance)
If you use too narrow of a cuff the reading will be too high or low? - ansHigh
Vasoconstriction will ___________ blood pressure. - ansIncrease
Vasodilation will ____________ blood pressure. - ansDecrease
Shock will ___________ blood pressure. - ansDecrease
Increased intracranial pressure will _________ the pulse pressure. - ansIncrease or Widen
If my blood pressure is 190/110, what is my pulse pressure? - ans80 mmHg
What blood test must be done before a transfusion? - ansType and cross match
What does a type and cross match indicate? - ansWhether the client's blood and donor blood
are compatible.
What should the nurse measure before starting a transfusion? - ansVital signs
With what solution should blood be transfused? - ans0.9 normal saline
How many nurses are requried to check the blood? - ans2 nurses
What happens when blood is administered with Dextrose IVs? - ansThe cells clump together
& don't flow well
If a transfusion reaction occurs what should the nurse do first? - ansStop the blood flow &
start running the saline
How long can a unit of blood be on the unit before it must be started? - ansLess than 1/2 hour
What should the nurse do with the IV line if transfusion reaction is suspected? - ansKeep it
open with saline
If a transfusion reaction is suspected, what two samples are collected and sent to the lab? -
ansUrine & blood
If a unit of blood is infused through a central line it must be__________. - ansWarmed
Which of the following are signs of transfusion reaction? Bradycardia, Fever, Hives,
Wheezing,
Increased Blood Pressure, Low Back Pain - ansLow back pain, wheezing, fever, hives
What are three types of transfusion reactions that can occur? - ansHemolytic, febrile, allergic
