Internal Medicine EOR FINAL EXAM QUESTION WITH |VERIFIED & REVISED ANSWERS (NEW) 2025/VERIFIED AND GRADED A+

Internal Medicine EOR FINAL EXAM QUESTION
WITH |VERIFIED & REVISED ANSWERS (NEW)
2025/VERIFIED AND GRADED A+
What is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body at
normal filling pressures?



Ans: Heart failure



Qiz What is the most common cause of heart failure?



Ans: Coronary artery disease



Qiz What are the stages of heart failure?



Ans: A: high risk for HR, no structural disease or s/s

B: structural disease but no s/s

C: structural disease and s/s

D: refractory to meds, needs special interventions

,Qiz What are the classes of heart failure?



Ans: I: No symptoms

II: Mild symptoms, slight limitation in ordinary activity

III: marked limitation in any activity

IV: symptoms at rest



Qiz What is systolic heart failure from?



Ans: Pumping problem

Decreased EF, S3

Thin, dilated ventricle



Qiz What is diastolic heart failure from?



Ans: Filling problem

Normal EF, S4

Thick ventricles



Qiz What kind of heart failure presents primarily with increased pulmonary venous pressure, dyspnea,
pulmonary congestion, edema, etc?



Ans: Left sided



Qiz What kind of heart failure presents primarily with increased systemic venous pressure, peripheral
edema, JVD, ascites, etc?

,Ans: Right sided



Qiz What is the most important determinant of the progression of heart failure?



Ans: Ejection fraction



Qiz What BMP indicates CHF?



Ans: > 500



Qiz What is the mechanism of action for ACE/ARBs?



Ans: Reduce after load and preload

Potentiates vasodilators

Decrease sympathetic response

Decreased ventricular remodeling



Qiz What is the mechanism of action for nitrates?



Ans: Vasodilators, decrease preload and afterload



Qiz What is the mechanism of action for hydralazine?



Ans: Vasodilators, decrease afterload

, Qiz What are the side effects of nitrates/hydralazine? What do we do to try and avoid some?



Ans: Dizziness, headache

Tachyphylaxis - we put on a nitrate holiday to avoid this



Qiz What are examples of loop diuretics?



Ans: Furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide



Qiz What are the side effects of loop diuretics?



Ans: Hypokalemia **

Calcemia, natremia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia



Qiz What are examples of K+ sparing diuretics?



Ans: Spironolactone

Epleronone



Qiz What is the mechanism of action for K+ sparing diuretics?



Ans: Aldosterone antagonists



Qiz What are the adverse effects of K+sparing diuretics?