NSG 221 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
Screening program - Answers -conducted by community health nurses
-guidelines:
-screen for conditions in which early detection and treatment can improve disease outcome
and quality of life
- screen populations that have risk factors or are more susceptible to the disease
- select a screening method that is simple, safe, inexpensive to administer, acceptable to
clients, and has acceptable sensitivity and specificity
- plan for the timely referral and follow-up of clients with positive results
- identify referral sources that are appropriate, cost effective, and convenient for clients
- refer to evidence-based screening recommendations published by the U.S. Preventive Services
Taskforce
Surveillance - Answers a mechanism for the ongoing collection of community health
information (monitoring for changes in disease frequency, identifying trends in the disease, risk
factor status by location and population subgroups, etc.)
Host-Agent-Environment - Answers determine the occurence of dz in human population
- epidemiological triangle - model used to examine the inter-relationship between host and
environmental characteristics
- the model implies that the rate of disease will change when the balance among these three
factors is altered
- by examining these three elements, a community health nurse can methodically assess a
health problem, determine protective factors, and evaluate the factors that make the host
vulnerable to disease
Agents of Disease - Etiological factors - Answers nutritive elements- excesses or deficiencies
chemical agents- poisons, allergens
physical agents - ionizing radiation, mechanical
infectious agents - metazoa, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, Rickettsia
Host factors (intrinsic factors) - susceptibility or response influence exposure to agent -
Answers genetic, age, sex, ethnic group, physiologic state, prior immunological state,
intercurrent or preexisting disease, human behavior
, environmental factors (extrinsic factors) - influence existence of the agent, exposure, or
susceptibility to agent - Answers physical: geology , climate
biological: human population density , flora, fauna
socioeconomic environments: occupation, urbanization, disruption (wars, floods)
Rates - Answers arithmetic expression that helps practitioners consider a count of an event
relative to the size of the population from which it is extracted (ex: population at risk)
rate = number of health events in a specified period/ population in same area in same specified
period
morbidity rates - Answers incidence rates
prevalence rates
incidence rates - Answers describes the occurrence of new cases of a disease (TB or influenza)
or condition (teen pregnancy) in a community over a given period relative to the size of the
population at risk for that disease or condition during that same period
incidence rate = (# of new cases or events occurring in the population in a specific period /
population at risk during same specific period ) X K
prevalence rate - Answers total number of cases of a disease existing in a population, at a given
point in time relative to the total population at the same time point
(total # of cases of disease in population/ total population)xK
epidemiology - Answers the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in
human populations and is the principal science of public health
mortality rates - Answers routinely collected birth and death rates
crude rates - Answers summarize the occurrence of births, mortality, or diseases in the general
population
numerator = number of events
denominator = average population size or the population size at midyear
Screening program - Answers -conducted by community health nurses
-guidelines:
-screen for conditions in which early detection and treatment can improve disease outcome
and quality of life
- screen populations that have risk factors or are more susceptible to the disease
- select a screening method that is simple, safe, inexpensive to administer, acceptable to
clients, and has acceptable sensitivity and specificity
- plan for the timely referral and follow-up of clients with positive results
- identify referral sources that are appropriate, cost effective, and convenient for clients
- refer to evidence-based screening recommendations published by the U.S. Preventive Services
Taskforce
Surveillance - Answers a mechanism for the ongoing collection of community health
information (monitoring for changes in disease frequency, identifying trends in the disease, risk
factor status by location and population subgroups, etc.)
Host-Agent-Environment - Answers determine the occurence of dz in human population
- epidemiological triangle - model used to examine the inter-relationship between host and
environmental characteristics
- the model implies that the rate of disease will change when the balance among these three
factors is altered
- by examining these three elements, a community health nurse can methodically assess a
health problem, determine protective factors, and evaluate the factors that make the host
vulnerable to disease
Agents of Disease - Etiological factors - Answers nutritive elements- excesses or deficiencies
chemical agents- poisons, allergens
physical agents - ionizing radiation, mechanical
infectious agents - metazoa, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, Rickettsia
Host factors (intrinsic factors) - susceptibility or response influence exposure to agent -
Answers genetic, age, sex, ethnic group, physiologic state, prior immunological state,
intercurrent or preexisting disease, human behavior
, environmental factors (extrinsic factors) - influence existence of the agent, exposure, or
susceptibility to agent - Answers physical: geology , climate
biological: human population density , flora, fauna
socioeconomic environments: occupation, urbanization, disruption (wars, floods)
Rates - Answers arithmetic expression that helps practitioners consider a count of an event
relative to the size of the population from which it is extracted (ex: population at risk)
rate = number of health events in a specified period/ population in same area in same specified
period
morbidity rates - Answers incidence rates
prevalence rates
incidence rates - Answers describes the occurrence of new cases of a disease (TB or influenza)
or condition (teen pregnancy) in a community over a given period relative to the size of the
population at risk for that disease or condition during that same period
incidence rate = (# of new cases or events occurring in the population in a specific period /
population at risk during same specific period ) X K
prevalence rate - Answers total number of cases of a disease existing in a population, at a given
point in time relative to the total population at the same time point
(total # of cases of disease in population/ total population)xK
epidemiology - Answers the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in
human populations and is the principal science of public health
mortality rates - Answers routinely collected birth and death rates
crude rates - Answers summarize the occurrence of births, mortality, or diseases in the general
population
numerator = number of events
denominator = average population size or the population size at midyear
