NSG 221 Exam 2 Questions with Verified Solutions Graded A+
Epidemiology - Answers is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease
in human populations and is the principal science of public health.
Web of Causation Model - Answers illustrates the complexity of relationships among causal
variables for heart disease.
descriptive epidemiology - Answers is the study of the amount and distribution of disease.
Analytic epidemiology - Answers investigates the causes of disease, or etiology
Rates - Answers are arithmetic expressions that help practitioners consider a count of an event
relative to the size of the population from which it is extracted. They are population proportions
or fractions in which the numerator is the number of events occurring in a specified period. The
denominator consists of those in the population at the specified time period. This proportion is
multiplied by a constant (k) that is a multiple of 10. The constant usually converts the resultant
number to a whole number
Incidence rates - Answers describe the occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition in a
community over a given period relative to the size of the population at risk for that disease or
condition during that same period. The denominator consists of only those at risk for the
disease or condition; therefore, known cases or those not susceptible are subtracted from the
total population. Incidence rates are useful for detecting short-term changes in acute disease in
which the duration of the disease is typically short. Incidence rate = number of new cases or
events occurring in the population in a specified period divided by the population at risk during
same specified period multiplied by "k."
A prevalence rate - Answers is the number of all cases of a specific disease or condition in a
population at a given point in time relative to the population at the same point in time.
Prevalence rate = number of existing cases in population at a specified point in time divided by
the population at same specified point in time multiplied by "k."
screening programs - Answers are conducted by community health nurses. They may perform
physical examinations, promote client self-examination, conduct screening programs in schools,
clinicals, or community settings. Guidelines for screening programs include screening for
conditions in which early detection and treatment can improve disease outcome and quality of
life; screening populations that have risk factors or are more susceptible to the disease; select a
screening method that is simple, safe, inexpensive to administer, acceptable to clients, and has
acceptable sensitivity and specificity; plan for the timely referral and follow-up of clients with
positive results; identify referral resources that are appropriate, cost effective, and convenient
for clients.
Surveillance - Answers is a mechanism for the ongoing collection of community health
information. Monitoring for changes in disease frequency is essential to effective and
, responsive public health programs. Identifying trends in disease incidence or identifying risk
factor status by location and population subgroup over time allows the community health nurse
to evaluate the effectiveness of existing programs and to implement interventions targeted to
high-risk groups
The agent, host, and environment - Answers are what are analyzed by the epidemiologist and is
referred to as the epidemiological triangle. The development of disease depends on the extent
of the host's exposure to an agent, the strength or virulence of the agent, and the host's genetic
or immunological susceptibility. Disease also depends on the environmental conditions existing
at the time of exposure, which include the biological, social, political, and physical environments.
The model implies that the rate of disease will change when the balance among these three
factors is altered. By examining each of these three elements, a community health nurse can
methodically assess a health problem, determine protective factors, and evaluate the factors
that make the host vulnerable to disease
The role of the epidemiologist - Answers includes examining the interrelationships between
host and environmental characteristics and uses an organized method of inquiry to derive an
explanation of disease. They describe disease patterns in aggregates and quantify the effects
of exposure to particular factors on the disease rates. To identify specific risk factors,
epidemiologists compare rates of disease for those exposed with those not exposed.
Person-Place-Time Model - Answers this was used by researchers to examine whether common
time factors existed (i.e., when people acquired disease). Use of this model organized
epidemiologists' investigations of disease pattern in the community. The person is the "who"
factor, such as demographic characteristics, health, and disease status. The place is the
"where" factor, such as geographic location, climate and environmental conditions, and political
and social environment. The time is the "when" factor, such as time of day, week, or month and
secular trends over months and years.
Epidemiological triangle - Answers the epidemiologist analyzes the agent, host, and
environment. The agent of disease refers to etiologic factors such as nutritive elements and
chemical, physical and infectious agents. The host factors are those that influence exposure,
susceptibility, or response to the agent such as genetics, age, sex, ethnic group, physiological
state, prior immunological experience, intercurrent or preexisting disease, and human behavior.
The environmental factors are those that influence existence of the agent, exposure, or
susceptibility to the agent such as physical environment, biological environment, and
socioeconomic environment.
Wheel model of human-environment interaction - Answers the wheel consists of a hub that
represents the host and its human characteristics, such as genetic makeup, personality, and
immunity.
-The surrounding wheel represents the environment and comprises biological, social, and
physical dimensions.
Epidemiology - Answers is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease
in human populations and is the principal science of public health.
Web of Causation Model - Answers illustrates the complexity of relationships among causal
variables for heart disease.
descriptive epidemiology - Answers is the study of the amount and distribution of disease.
Analytic epidemiology - Answers investigates the causes of disease, or etiology
Rates - Answers are arithmetic expressions that help practitioners consider a count of an event
relative to the size of the population from which it is extracted. They are population proportions
or fractions in which the numerator is the number of events occurring in a specified period. The
denominator consists of those in the population at the specified time period. This proportion is
multiplied by a constant (k) that is a multiple of 10. The constant usually converts the resultant
number to a whole number
Incidence rates - Answers describe the occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition in a
community over a given period relative to the size of the population at risk for that disease or
condition during that same period. The denominator consists of only those at risk for the
disease or condition; therefore, known cases or those not susceptible are subtracted from the
total population. Incidence rates are useful for detecting short-term changes in acute disease in
which the duration of the disease is typically short. Incidence rate = number of new cases or
events occurring in the population in a specified period divided by the population at risk during
same specified period multiplied by "k."
A prevalence rate - Answers is the number of all cases of a specific disease or condition in a
population at a given point in time relative to the population at the same point in time.
Prevalence rate = number of existing cases in population at a specified point in time divided by
the population at same specified point in time multiplied by "k."
screening programs - Answers are conducted by community health nurses. They may perform
physical examinations, promote client self-examination, conduct screening programs in schools,
clinicals, or community settings. Guidelines for screening programs include screening for
conditions in which early detection and treatment can improve disease outcome and quality of
life; screening populations that have risk factors or are more susceptible to the disease; select a
screening method that is simple, safe, inexpensive to administer, acceptable to clients, and has
acceptable sensitivity and specificity; plan for the timely referral and follow-up of clients with
positive results; identify referral resources that are appropriate, cost effective, and convenient
for clients.
Surveillance - Answers is a mechanism for the ongoing collection of community health
information. Monitoring for changes in disease frequency is essential to effective and
, responsive public health programs. Identifying trends in disease incidence or identifying risk
factor status by location and population subgroup over time allows the community health nurse
to evaluate the effectiveness of existing programs and to implement interventions targeted to
high-risk groups
The agent, host, and environment - Answers are what are analyzed by the epidemiologist and is
referred to as the epidemiological triangle. The development of disease depends on the extent
of the host's exposure to an agent, the strength or virulence of the agent, and the host's genetic
or immunological susceptibility. Disease also depends on the environmental conditions existing
at the time of exposure, which include the biological, social, political, and physical environments.
The model implies that the rate of disease will change when the balance among these three
factors is altered. By examining each of these three elements, a community health nurse can
methodically assess a health problem, determine protective factors, and evaluate the factors
that make the host vulnerable to disease
The role of the epidemiologist - Answers includes examining the interrelationships between
host and environmental characteristics and uses an organized method of inquiry to derive an
explanation of disease. They describe disease patterns in aggregates and quantify the effects
of exposure to particular factors on the disease rates. To identify specific risk factors,
epidemiologists compare rates of disease for those exposed with those not exposed.
Person-Place-Time Model - Answers this was used by researchers to examine whether common
time factors existed (i.e., when people acquired disease). Use of this model organized
epidemiologists' investigations of disease pattern in the community. The person is the "who"
factor, such as demographic characteristics, health, and disease status. The place is the
"where" factor, such as geographic location, climate and environmental conditions, and political
and social environment. The time is the "when" factor, such as time of day, week, or month and
secular trends over months and years.
Epidemiological triangle - Answers the epidemiologist analyzes the agent, host, and
environment. The agent of disease refers to etiologic factors such as nutritive elements and
chemical, physical and infectious agents. The host factors are those that influence exposure,
susceptibility, or response to the agent such as genetics, age, sex, ethnic group, physiological
state, prior immunological experience, intercurrent or preexisting disease, and human behavior.
The environmental factors are those that influence existence of the agent, exposure, or
susceptibility to the agent such as physical environment, biological environment, and
socioeconomic environment.
Wheel model of human-environment interaction - Answers the wheel consists of a hub that
represents the host and its human characteristics, such as genetic makeup, personality, and
immunity.
-The surrounding wheel represents the environment and comprises biological, social, and
physical dimensions.
