D115 master set-Advanced
Pathophysiology for the Advanced
Practice Nurse with correct answers
2025>2026
Whichvtypevofvgeneticvdiseasevaffectsvmalesvmorevfrequentlyvthanvfemales?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvSex-
Linkedvrecessive.vSincevmalesvonlyvhavevonevXvandvonevY,vifvthevaffectedvchromosomevhasvthevillne
ss,vitvwillvbevexpressed.
Invwhichvtwovconditionsvarevchromosomalvabnormalitiesvthevleadingvknownvcause?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvIntellectualvdisabilityvandvfetalvmiscarriage.vChromosomevabnormalitiesvarevthev
leadingvknownvcausevofvintellectualvdisabilityvandvfetalvmiscarriage.
Whatvarevthreevexamplesvofvprenatalvdiagnosticvstudies?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvChorionicvvillusvsamplingv(CVS),vamniocentesis,vandvpreimplantationvgeneticvtes
tingv(PGT)varevexamplesvofvprenatalvdiagnosticvstudiesvandvarevperformedvinvvitro.vCVSvisvavformvof
vgeneticvtestingvthatvprovidesvgeneticvinformationvfoundvinvuterovandvisvusuallyvperformedvbetwee
nvweeksv11vandv14vofvpregnancy.vAnvamniocentesisvisvavformvofvgeneticvtestingvthatvevaluatesvamn
ioticvfluidvandvisvusuallyvperformedvduringvthevsecondvtrimester,vbetweenvweeksv15vandv20vofvpre
gnancy.vPGTvisvperformedvonvthevembryovpriorvtovimplantation.
Whichvgeneticvdisordervisvcharacterizedvbyvthevpresencevofvavzygotevhavingvonevchromosomevwith
vavnormalvcomplementvofvgenesvandvonevchromosomevwithvavmissingvgene?v-
,vvcorrectvanswersvCrivduvchatvsyndromev(translatedvasv"cryvofvthevcat")visvcausedvbyvavDNAvdeletion
.vThisvtermvdescribesvthevcryvoftenvheardvfromvavbabyvaffectedvbyvthevsyndrome.vCrivduvchatvsyndr
omevcanvpresentvasvavmicrocephalic,vlowvbirth-weightvbabyvwithvavpiercingvcry.
HowvcanvanvX-linkedvrecessivevdiseasevskipvgenerations?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvThevdiseasevcanvbevtransmittedvthroughvfemalevcarriers.
SincevfemalesvhavevtwovcopiesvofvthevXvchromosome,vthevmothervmayvprovidevanvunaffectedvXvtov
avdaughtervorvson.vFurthermore,vavdaughtervmayvnotvshowvsignsvofvthevdiseasevbecausevshevhasvt
hevothervXv(thevonlyvXvthevfathervcanvgivevtovavfemale)vtovcancelvitvout.
Whichvtypevofvriskvisvreferredvtovasvthevratiovofvthevdiseasevratevamongvtheventirevpopulationvtovth
evdiseasevratevinvanvunexposedvpopulation?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvRelativevriskvisvavratiovofvprobability,vnotvanvactualvoccurrencevofvdisease.
Whatvarevthevempiricalvrisksvforvmostvmultifactorialvdiseasesvbasedvon?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvManyvfactorsvfromvlifestylevtovgeneticsvaffectvmultifactorialvdiseases.vObservatio
nvandvevaluationvofveachvcasevindividuallyvprovidesvthevmostvthoroughvandvaccuratevassessment.
Whatvrefersvtovthevsilencedvgenevofvavgenevpair.v-
vvcorrectvanswersvThevimprintedvgenevisvthevsilentvgenevofvavgenevpair.
Whatvisvthevprimaryvreasonvthatvsomevoldervadultsvhavevimpairedvinflammationvandvwoundvheali
ng?v-vvcorrectvanswersvThevunderlyingvchronicvillnessvexists.
Avgeneralizedvinflammatoryvresponsevseenvinvchronicvillnessvdepletesvthevbody'svreservesvtovfightv
againstvillness.
Whichvcellsvarevthevbody'svprimaryvdefensevagainstvparasitevinvasion?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvEosinophilsvarevthevbody'svprimaryvdefensevagainstvparasites.
,WhatvPhagocytesvbacteria?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvMacrophagesvworkvbyveatingvorvphagocytosingvbacteria.
Whatvisvthevfirstvresponsevtovavforeignvpathogen?v-vvcorrectvanswersvHelpervTvcells
Whichvcharacteristicvisvthevmostvimportantvdeterminantvofvimmunogenicityvwhenvconsideringvthe
vantigen?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvImmunogenicityvisvprimarilyvbasedvonvthevabilityvtovrecognizevsomethingvforeign
.
Howvareverythrocytesvdestroyedvwhenvmismatchedvbloodvisvadministered,vcausingvanvABOvincom
patibility?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvThevcomplementvpathwayvisvactivatedvinvresponsevtovbloodvincompatibility.
Whatvisvthevhypersensitivityvreactionvthatvcausesvatopicvdermatitis?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvAnvimmediatev(typevI)vhypersensitivityvreactionvcausesvatopicvdermatitis.
Whichvfourvinfectionsvarevconsideredvfungalvinfections?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvInfectionvwithvavfungusvisvcalledvmycosisvandvincludesvdermatophytesv(e.g.,vtinea
s,vwhichvrefersvtovseveralvskinvmycoses,vincludingvringwormvandvathlete'svfoot)vandvyeasts,vwhichvi
ncludevcandidavandvaspergillus.
WhenvisvthevearliestvaftervsexualvtransmissionvofvHIVvthatvlabvresultsvcanvdetectvinfection?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvLabvtestingvcanvdetectvHIVvRNAv4vtov10vdaysvaftervsexualvtransmission,vwhereasv
HIVvantibodyvtestingvmayvtakev23vtov90vdaysvtovresultvinvavpositivevtest.vRepeatvtestingvmayvbevnee
dedvtovrulevoutvavfalsevnegativevtestvduevtovtestingvtoovsoonvaftervexposure,vespeciallyvifvavhighvlike
lihoodvofvexposurevisvsuspected.
Whatvisvavcharacteristicvofvexotoxins?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvExotoxinsvarevreleasedvduringvbacterialvgrowth.
, Whichvdietaryvlifestylevchoicevhasvbeenvassociatedvwithvavdecreasedvriskvforvdevelopingvcolonvcan
cer?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvThevresultsvofvdecreasedvfatvconsumptionvhavevbeenvwidelyvstudiedvandvhavevde
monstratedvavdecreasedvriskvofvdevelopingvcolonvcancer.
Whichvcancervisvanvindividualvwhovhasvworkedvwithvasbestosvforvoverv40vyearsvmostvlikelyvtovdevel
op?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvAsbestosvexposurevresultsvinvanvincreasedvriskvofvlungvandvlungvliningvcancer.
Whichvstatementvisvtruevregardingvultravioletv(UV)vlight?
Thevdegreevofvdamagevisvnotvaffectedvbyvthevlight'svwavelength.v-
vvcorrectvanswersvUVvlightvcausesvbasalvcellvcarcinomavandvsquamousvcellvcarcinomavwhenvthevUV
BvraysvhitvDNAvstrands,vcausingvthyminevbasevpairsvthatvarevsidevbyvsidevtovpairvtogether,vbecomin
gvthyminevdimers.vThesevthyminevdimersvleadvtovcellvdeathvorvcancer.
Whichvcancervdoesvexercisevhavevavconvincingvimpactvonvreducing?v-vvcorrectvanswersvExercise-
inducedvmyokinesvcausevapoptosisvofvcolonvcancervcells.
Lowvhealthcarevliteracyvisvrecognizedvasvavmajorvriskvfactorvinvbloodvpressurevcontrolvandvhasvbeen
vshownvtovhavevadverseveffectsvonvhealthvoutcomes.
truevorvfalsev-vvcorrectvanswersvTRUEv
Byvprovidingvpatientveducationvatvthevappropriatevliteracyvlevel,vimprovedvhealthvoutcomesvmayvr
esult.
OnevofvthevgoalsvofvthevNationalvActionvPlanvtovImprovevHealthvLiteracyvisvtovincorporatevresearchv
andvevidence-basedvplansvofvtreatmentvfromvchildhoodvthroughvuniversity-
levelveducationvinvavmannervconsistentvwithvanvindividual'svliteracyvlevel.
Truevorvfalsev-vvcorrectvanswersvTruev
Ensuringvthevindividualvcanvunderstandvallvelementsvofvavtreatmentvplanvisvcrucialvforvunderstandi
ngvandvcompliance.
Pathophysiology for the Advanced
Practice Nurse with correct answers
2025>2026
Whichvtypevofvgeneticvdiseasevaffectsvmalesvmorevfrequentlyvthanvfemales?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvSex-
Linkedvrecessive.vSincevmalesvonlyvhavevonevXvandvonevY,vifvthevaffectedvchromosomevhasvthevillne
ss,vitvwillvbevexpressed.
Invwhichvtwovconditionsvarevchromosomalvabnormalitiesvthevleadingvknownvcause?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvIntellectualvdisabilityvandvfetalvmiscarriage.vChromosomevabnormalitiesvarevthev
leadingvknownvcausevofvintellectualvdisabilityvandvfetalvmiscarriage.
Whatvarevthreevexamplesvofvprenatalvdiagnosticvstudies?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvChorionicvvillusvsamplingv(CVS),vamniocentesis,vandvpreimplantationvgeneticvtes
tingv(PGT)varevexamplesvofvprenatalvdiagnosticvstudiesvandvarevperformedvinvvitro.vCVSvisvavformvof
vgeneticvtestingvthatvprovidesvgeneticvinformationvfoundvinvuterovandvisvusuallyvperformedvbetwee
nvweeksv11vandv14vofvpregnancy.vAnvamniocentesisvisvavformvofvgeneticvtestingvthatvevaluatesvamn
ioticvfluidvandvisvusuallyvperformedvduringvthevsecondvtrimester,vbetweenvweeksv15vandv20vofvpre
gnancy.vPGTvisvperformedvonvthevembryovpriorvtovimplantation.
Whichvgeneticvdisordervisvcharacterizedvbyvthevpresencevofvavzygotevhavingvonevchromosomevwith
vavnormalvcomplementvofvgenesvandvonevchromosomevwithvavmissingvgene?v-
,vvcorrectvanswersvCrivduvchatvsyndromev(translatedvasv"cryvofvthevcat")visvcausedvbyvavDNAvdeletion
.vThisvtermvdescribesvthevcryvoftenvheardvfromvavbabyvaffectedvbyvthevsyndrome.vCrivduvchatvsyndr
omevcanvpresentvasvavmicrocephalic,vlowvbirth-weightvbabyvwithvavpiercingvcry.
HowvcanvanvX-linkedvrecessivevdiseasevskipvgenerations?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvThevdiseasevcanvbevtransmittedvthroughvfemalevcarriers.
SincevfemalesvhavevtwovcopiesvofvthevXvchromosome,vthevmothervmayvprovidevanvunaffectedvXvtov
avdaughtervorvson.vFurthermore,vavdaughtervmayvnotvshowvsignsvofvthevdiseasevbecausevshevhasvt
hevothervXv(thevonlyvXvthevfathervcanvgivevtovavfemale)vtovcancelvitvout.
Whichvtypevofvriskvisvreferredvtovasvthevratiovofvthevdiseasevratevamongvtheventirevpopulationvtovth
evdiseasevratevinvanvunexposedvpopulation?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvRelativevriskvisvavratiovofvprobability,vnotvanvactualvoccurrencevofvdisease.
Whatvarevthevempiricalvrisksvforvmostvmultifactorialvdiseasesvbasedvon?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvManyvfactorsvfromvlifestylevtovgeneticsvaffectvmultifactorialvdiseases.vObservatio
nvandvevaluationvofveachvcasevindividuallyvprovidesvthevmostvthoroughvandvaccuratevassessment.
Whatvrefersvtovthevsilencedvgenevofvavgenevpair.v-
vvcorrectvanswersvThevimprintedvgenevisvthevsilentvgenevofvavgenevpair.
Whatvisvthevprimaryvreasonvthatvsomevoldervadultsvhavevimpairedvinflammationvandvwoundvheali
ng?v-vvcorrectvanswersvThevunderlyingvchronicvillnessvexists.
Avgeneralizedvinflammatoryvresponsevseenvinvchronicvillnessvdepletesvthevbody'svreservesvtovfightv
againstvillness.
Whichvcellsvarevthevbody'svprimaryvdefensevagainstvparasitevinvasion?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvEosinophilsvarevthevbody'svprimaryvdefensevagainstvparasites.
,WhatvPhagocytesvbacteria?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvMacrophagesvworkvbyveatingvorvphagocytosingvbacteria.
Whatvisvthevfirstvresponsevtovavforeignvpathogen?v-vvcorrectvanswersvHelpervTvcells
Whichvcharacteristicvisvthevmostvimportantvdeterminantvofvimmunogenicityvwhenvconsideringvthe
vantigen?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvImmunogenicityvisvprimarilyvbasedvonvthevabilityvtovrecognizevsomethingvforeign
.
Howvareverythrocytesvdestroyedvwhenvmismatchedvbloodvisvadministered,vcausingvanvABOvincom
patibility?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvThevcomplementvpathwayvisvactivatedvinvresponsevtovbloodvincompatibility.
Whatvisvthevhypersensitivityvreactionvthatvcausesvatopicvdermatitis?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvAnvimmediatev(typevI)vhypersensitivityvreactionvcausesvatopicvdermatitis.
Whichvfourvinfectionsvarevconsideredvfungalvinfections?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvInfectionvwithvavfungusvisvcalledvmycosisvandvincludesvdermatophytesv(e.g.,vtinea
s,vwhichvrefersvtovseveralvskinvmycoses,vincludingvringwormvandvathlete'svfoot)vandvyeasts,vwhichvi
ncludevcandidavandvaspergillus.
WhenvisvthevearliestvaftervsexualvtransmissionvofvHIVvthatvlabvresultsvcanvdetectvinfection?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvLabvtestingvcanvdetectvHIVvRNAv4vtov10vdaysvaftervsexualvtransmission,vwhereasv
HIVvantibodyvtestingvmayvtakev23vtov90vdaysvtovresultvinvavpositivevtest.vRepeatvtestingvmayvbevnee
dedvtovrulevoutvavfalsevnegativevtestvduevtovtestingvtoovsoonvaftervexposure,vespeciallyvifvavhighvlike
lihoodvofvexposurevisvsuspected.
Whatvisvavcharacteristicvofvexotoxins?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvExotoxinsvarevreleasedvduringvbacterialvgrowth.
, Whichvdietaryvlifestylevchoicevhasvbeenvassociatedvwithvavdecreasedvriskvforvdevelopingvcolonvcan
cer?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvThevresultsvofvdecreasedvfatvconsumptionvhavevbeenvwidelyvstudiedvandvhavevde
monstratedvavdecreasedvriskvofvdevelopingvcolonvcancer.
Whichvcancervisvanvindividualvwhovhasvworkedvwithvasbestosvforvoverv40vyearsvmostvlikelyvtovdevel
op?v-
vvcorrectvanswersvAsbestosvexposurevresultsvinvanvincreasedvriskvofvlungvandvlungvliningvcancer.
Whichvstatementvisvtruevregardingvultravioletv(UV)vlight?
Thevdegreevofvdamagevisvnotvaffectedvbyvthevlight'svwavelength.v-
vvcorrectvanswersvUVvlightvcausesvbasalvcellvcarcinomavandvsquamousvcellvcarcinomavwhenvthevUV
BvraysvhitvDNAvstrands,vcausingvthyminevbasevpairsvthatvarevsidevbyvsidevtovpairvtogether,vbecomin
gvthyminevdimers.vThesevthyminevdimersvleadvtovcellvdeathvorvcancer.
Whichvcancervdoesvexercisevhavevavconvincingvimpactvonvreducing?v-vvcorrectvanswersvExercise-
inducedvmyokinesvcausevapoptosisvofvcolonvcancervcells.
Lowvhealthcarevliteracyvisvrecognizedvasvavmajorvriskvfactorvinvbloodvpressurevcontrolvandvhasvbeen
vshownvtovhavevadverseveffectsvonvhealthvoutcomes.
truevorvfalsev-vvcorrectvanswersvTRUEv
Byvprovidingvpatientveducationvatvthevappropriatevliteracyvlevel,vimprovedvhealthvoutcomesvmayvr
esult.
OnevofvthevgoalsvofvthevNationalvActionvPlanvtovImprovevHealthvLiteracyvisvtovincorporatevresearchv
andvevidence-basedvplansvofvtreatmentvfromvchildhoodvthroughvuniversity-
levelveducationvinvavmannervconsistentvwithvanvindividual'svliteracyvlevel.
Truevorvfalsev-vvcorrectvanswersvTruev
Ensuringvthevindividualvcanvunderstandvallvelementsvofvavtreatmentvplanvisvcrucialvforvunderstandi
ngvandvcompliance.
