I. INTRODUCTION
a. Describe the role of WTPs and WWTPs in society.
i. WTPs supply the water that people use every day to shower, cook, flush the
toilet, etc.
ii. WWTPs treat the water that is contaminated with human waste so that it can be
put back into the environment without causing harm.
II. WATER USE AND WASTEWATER GENERATION
a. Determine water use and wastewater flows given population, etc.
i. The average person uses about 80 to 100 gallons per day and generates about
the same amount of wastewater daily.
ii. There are different demands based on the time of day and the season:
1. Hourly peak = 3x average
2. Daily peak = 2.25x average
3. Winter = 0.8x average
4. Summer =1.25x average
b. Calculate design flow rates for WTPs
i. Source: River - Q > flow on max day, Well field - Q = flow on max day
ii. Low lift pumps: flow on max day + 33% reserve pump capacity
iii. WTP: flow on max day
iv. High service pumps: max hourly flow + 33% reserve
v. Distribution system: max hourly flow OR avg hourly flow on max day + fire
demand
vi. Ground storage reservoir: peak hourly flow on max day OR avg hourly flow on
max day + fire demand
vii. Elevated storage for fire demand: >55 gal/cap
III. WATER QUALITY AND STANDARDS
a. Describe the biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of drinking water; their
effects on human health; and the rationale for standards.
i. Biological:
1. Mainly microorganisms:
a. Viruses (polio, hepatitis) - requires 4 log reduction (99.99%
inactivation)
b. Bacteria (salmonella, shigella, vibrio cholerae)
c. Protozoa (giardia - requires 3 log reduction, amoeba,
cryptosporidium)
d. Helminths (worms)
2. Indicators are used to assess microbiological safety:
a. Total coliforms - indicator of intestinal microorganisms
b. Fecal coliforms - presence of coliforms of fecal origin
c. E. coli - definitive test for fecal contamination
d. Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) - general microbiological quality
of water (should be <500 colonies/mL)
, ii. Chemical:
1. Inorganic:
a. Heavy metals, nitrate, radionuclides
2. Organic:
a. Pesticides, solvents, DBPs, algal toxins
3. Health Effects:
a. Acute toxicity
b. Chronic toxicity - ex: Hg in fish (bioaccumulation - remains in food
chain and increases as you move up trophic system)
c. Carcinogenicity - causes cancer
d. Mutagenicity - causes mutations (DNA-altering)
e. Teratogenicity - causes birth defects
iii. Physical:
1. Turbidity - clarity of the water, measure of particulate matter
a. Problem because microorganisms can hide in particles and be
shielded from disinfectants
b. Standard: <0.5 NTU for >95% of all measurements per month and
<5 NTU at all times
c. Low NTU can be misleading
2. Color
3. Taste/odor
DRINKING WATER TREATMENT
IV. INTRODUCTION TO DRINKING WATER TREATMENT
a. List the key regulations in the SWTR (surface water treatment rule).
Parameter MCLG (max MCL (max contaminant lvl)
contaminant lvl goal)
Total coliform 0 P/A (presence/absence)
<1 per month (<40 samples)
<5% per month (>40 samples)
Giardia 0 Filtration & Disinfection required
(3 log reduction)
Viruses 0 Filtration & Disinfection required
(4 log reduction)
Legionella 0 Filtration & Disinfection required
Turbidity 0 Filtration & Disinfection required
HPC 0 Filtration & Disinfection required
b. Briefly discuss several key primary and secondary contaminants.
a. Describe the role of WTPs and WWTPs in society.
i. WTPs supply the water that people use every day to shower, cook, flush the
toilet, etc.
ii. WWTPs treat the water that is contaminated with human waste so that it can be
put back into the environment without causing harm.
II. WATER USE AND WASTEWATER GENERATION
a. Determine water use and wastewater flows given population, etc.
i. The average person uses about 80 to 100 gallons per day and generates about
the same amount of wastewater daily.
ii. There are different demands based on the time of day and the season:
1. Hourly peak = 3x average
2. Daily peak = 2.25x average
3. Winter = 0.8x average
4. Summer =1.25x average
b. Calculate design flow rates for WTPs
i. Source: River - Q > flow on max day, Well field - Q = flow on max day
ii. Low lift pumps: flow on max day + 33% reserve pump capacity
iii. WTP: flow on max day
iv. High service pumps: max hourly flow + 33% reserve
v. Distribution system: max hourly flow OR avg hourly flow on max day + fire
demand
vi. Ground storage reservoir: peak hourly flow on max day OR avg hourly flow on
max day + fire demand
vii. Elevated storage for fire demand: >55 gal/cap
III. WATER QUALITY AND STANDARDS
a. Describe the biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of drinking water; their
effects on human health; and the rationale for standards.
i. Biological:
1. Mainly microorganisms:
a. Viruses (polio, hepatitis) - requires 4 log reduction (99.99%
inactivation)
b. Bacteria (salmonella, shigella, vibrio cholerae)
c. Protozoa (giardia - requires 3 log reduction, amoeba,
cryptosporidium)
d. Helminths (worms)
2. Indicators are used to assess microbiological safety:
a. Total coliforms - indicator of intestinal microorganisms
b. Fecal coliforms - presence of coliforms of fecal origin
c. E. coli - definitive test for fecal contamination
d. Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) - general microbiological quality
of water (should be <500 colonies/mL)
, ii. Chemical:
1. Inorganic:
a. Heavy metals, nitrate, radionuclides
2. Organic:
a. Pesticides, solvents, DBPs, algal toxins
3. Health Effects:
a. Acute toxicity
b. Chronic toxicity - ex: Hg in fish (bioaccumulation - remains in food
chain and increases as you move up trophic system)
c. Carcinogenicity - causes cancer
d. Mutagenicity - causes mutations (DNA-altering)
e. Teratogenicity - causes birth defects
iii. Physical:
1. Turbidity - clarity of the water, measure of particulate matter
a. Problem because microorganisms can hide in particles and be
shielded from disinfectants
b. Standard: <0.5 NTU for >95% of all measurements per month and
<5 NTU at all times
c. Low NTU can be misleading
2. Color
3. Taste/odor
DRINKING WATER TREATMENT
IV. INTRODUCTION TO DRINKING WATER TREATMENT
a. List the key regulations in the SWTR (surface water treatment rule).
Parameter MCLG (max MCL (max contaminant lvl)
contaminant lvl goal)
Total coliform 0 P/A (presence/absence)
<1 per month (<40 samples)
<5% per month (>40 samples)
Giardia 0 Filtration & Disinfection required
(3 log reduction)
Viruses 0 Filtration & Disinfection required
(4 log reduction)
Legionella 0 Filtration & Disinfection required
Turbidity 0 Filtration & Disinfection required
HPC 0 Filtration & Disinfection required
b. Briefly discuss several key primary and secondary contaminants.
