Biology 2401 - Anatomy & Physiology I
(Unit 1, Ch1-4) Exam 1 Study Guide with
complete solution
Manipulation - ANS Skillful handling or operation, especially with the hands.
Palpation - ANS Examination by touch, often used to assess the consistency of organs or
tissues.
Auscultation - ANS Listening to sounds within the body, typically using a stethoscope.
Anatomy - ANS The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.
Physiology - ANS The study of how the body and its parts function.
Gross Anatomy - ANS Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.
Macroscopic Anatomy - ANS The study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye.
Microscopic Anatomy - ANS Study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Developmental Anatomy - ANS The study of the structural changes that occur during the life
span.
Embryology - ANS The study of developmental changes of the body before birth.
Homeostasis - ANS Maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Receptor - ANS Sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment.
Control Center - ANS Control centers in the brain and other parts of the body monitor and react
to deviations from this set point using negative feedback.
Effector - ANS Provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus.
Afferent Pathway - ANS Pathway of control that monitors changes and sends information to the
control center.
Efferent Pathway - ANS Pathway of control that carries out the control center's response.
,Positive Feedback - ANS Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.
Negative Feedback - ANS Feedback that reduces the output or activity of a system.
Homeostatic Imbalance - ANS A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease.
Anatomical Position - ANS Body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet parallel and arms
at the sides with palms facing forward.
Dorsal - ANS Toward the back of the body.
Ventral - ANS Toward the front of the body.
Sagittal Plane - ANS Vertical division of the body into left and right portions.
Frontal Plane - ANS Vertical division of the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Transverse Plane - ANS Horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions.
Oblique Plane - ANS A diagonal cut or section.
Superior - ANS Toward the head or upper part of a structure.
Inferior - ANS Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure.
Anterior - ANS Toward or at the front of the body.
Posterior - ANS Toward or at the back of the body.
Medial - ANS Toward or at the midline of the body.
Lateral - ANS Away from the midline of the body.
Intermediate - ANS Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.
Proximal - ANS Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment.
Distal - ANS Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment.
Superficial - ANS Toward or at the body surface.
Deep - ANS Away from the body surface.
Serosa - ANS Thin double-layered membranes covering surfaces in ventral body cavities.
,Parietal Serosa - ANS Outer layer of the serous membrane.
Visceral Serosa - ANS Inner layer of the serous membrane.
Synovial Cavity - ANS Space between joints that is filled with synovial fluid.
Discuss the division of physiology into fields, how are these divisions named, give some
examples. - ANS Physiology is divided into specialized fields based on organ systems (e.g.,
cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology).
Discuss the relationship between anatomy and physiology, why are they studied together? -
ANS Anatomy is the structure, and physiology is the function; understanding both provides a
complete picture of the body.
List in order the levels of structural organization, include chemical level, cellular level, etc. -
ANS Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal
level.
List and explain the functions necessary for life. - ANS Maintaining boundaries, movement,
responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.
List and explain the needs for survival. - ANS Nutrients, oxygen, water, stable body
temperature, atmospheric pressure.
List and describe the interaction of the three components of homeostasis. - ANS Receptor
detects changes, control center sets the range, effector responds to bring conditions back to
normal.
Describe the interaction between the afferent and efferent pathways in a negative feedback
system. - ANS Afferent pathway detects a change, and the information is sent to the control
center; the control center activates the efferent pathway to bring conditions back to the set point.
Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback. Which is more common, why? - ANS
Negative feedback maintains stability; positive feedback enhances the original stimulus.
Negative feedback is more common for maintaining homeostasis.
What causes homeostatic imbalance? What is the simple term that describes someone who is
experiencing homeostatic imbalance? - ANS Aging, diseases, disruptions in the body's normal
functioning. A person experiencing homeostatic imbalance may be considered unhealthy or
diseased.
Describe anatomical position. - ANS Body upright, facing forward, feet parallel, arms at the
sides, palms facing forward.
, Name the major body cavities and the subdivisions of each. - ANS Major cavities: Dorsal
(cranial, spinal), Ventral (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic).
Describe the serosa, include the difference between visceral and parietal serosa. - ANS Serosa
is a double-layered membrane; parietal covers cavity walls, visceral covers organ surfaces.
Describe the minor body cavities discussed in class. - ANS Orbital, nasal, oral, middle ear,
synovial.
Matter - ANS Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Energy - ANS The capacity to do work or transfer heat.
Atom - ANS The basic unit of a chemical element.
Proton - ANS Positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutron - ANS Neutrally charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
Electron - ANS Negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic Number - ANS Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic Mass - ANS Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Isotope - ANS Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Radioisotope - ANS An isotope with an unstable nucleus, undergoing radioactive decay.
Half-Life - ANS The time it takes for half of a quantity of a substance to undergo a reaction.
Molecule - ANS Two or more atoms bonded together.
Simple Molecule - ANS A molecule consisting of a few atoms.
Compound - ANS A substance composed of two or more different elements.
Solution - ANS A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Colloid - ANS A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out.
Suspension - ANS A mixture in which particles are dispersed throughout, but settle out over
time.
(Unit 1, Ch1-4) Exam 1 Study Guide with
complete solution
Manipulation - ANS Skillful handling or operation, especially with the hands.
Palpation - ANS Examination by touch, often used to assess the consistency of organs or
tissues.
Auscultation - ANS Listening to sounds within the body, typically using a stethoscope.
Anatomy - ANS The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.
Physiology - ANS The study of how the body and its parts function.
Gross Anatomy - ANS Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.
Macroscopic Anatomy - ANS The study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye.
Microscopic Anatomy - ANS Study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Developmental Anatomy - ANS The study of the structural changes that occur during the life
span.
Embryology - ANS The study of developmental changes of the body before birth.
Homeostasis - ANS Maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Receptor - ANS Sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment.
Control Center - ANS Control centers in the brain and other parts of the body monitor and react
to deviations from this set point using negative feedback.
Effector - ANS Provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus.
Afferent Pathway - ANS Pathway of control that monitors changes and sends information to the
control center.
Efferent Pathway - ANS Pathway of control that carries out the control center's response.
,Positive Feedback - ANS Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.
Negative Feedback - ANS Feedback that reduces the output or activity of a system.
Homeostatic Imbalance - ANS A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease.
Anatomical Position - ANS Body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet parallel and arms
at the sides with palms facing forward.
Dorsal - ANS Toward the back of the body.
Ventral - ANS Toward the front of the body.
Sagittal Plane - ANS Vertical division of the body into left and right portions.
Frontal Plane - ANS Vertical division of the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Transverse Plane - ANS Horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions.
Oblique Plane - ANS A diagonal cut or section.
Superior - ANS Toward the head or upper part of a structure.
Inferior - ANS Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure.
Anterior - ANS Toward or at the front of the body.
Posterior - ANS Toward or at the back of the body.
Medial - ANS Toward or at the midline of the body.
Lateral - ANS Away from the midline of the body.
Intermediate - ANS Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.
Proximal - ANS Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment.
Distal - ANS Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment.
Superficial - ANS Toward or at the body surface.
Deep - ANS Away from the body surface.
Serosa - ANS Thin double-layered membranes covering surfaces in ventral body cavities.
,Parietal Serosa - ANS Outer layer of the serous membrane.
Visceral Serosa - ANS Inner layer of the serous membrane.
Synovial Cavity - ANS Space between joints that is filled with synovial fluid.
Discuss the division of physiology into fields, how are these divisions named, give some
examples. - ANS Physiology is divided into specialized fields based on organ systems (e.g.,
cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology).
Discuss the relationship between anatomy and physiology, why are they studied together? -
ANS Anatomy is the structure, and physiology is the function; understanding both provides a
complete picture of the body.
List in order the levels of structural organization, include chemical level, cellular level, etc. -
ANS Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal
level.
List and explain the functions necessary for life. - ANS Maintaining boundaries, movement,
responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.
List and explain the needs for survival. - ANS Nutrients, oxygen, water, stable body
temperature, atmospheric pressure.
List and describe the interaction of the three components of homeostasis. - ANS Receptor
detects changes, control center sets the range, effector responds to bring conditions back to
normal.
Describe the interaction between the afferent and efferent pathways in a negative feedback
system. - ANS Afferent pathway detects a change, and the information is sent to the control
center; the control center activates the efferent pathway to bring conditions back to the set point.
Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback. Which is more common, why? - ANS
Negative feedback maintains stability; positive feedback enhances the original stimulus.
Negative feedback is more common for maintaining homeostasis.
What causes homeostatic imbalance? What is the simple term that describes someone who is
experiencing homeostatic imbalance? - ANS Aging, diseases, disruptions in the body's normal
functioning. A person experiencing homeostatic imbalance may be considered unhealthy or
diseased.
Describe anatomical position. - ANS Body upright, facing forward, feet parallel, arms at the
sides, palms facing forward.
, Name the major body cavities and the subdivisions of each. - ANS Major cavities: Dorsal
(cranial, spinal), Ventral (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic).
Describe the serosa, include the difference between visceral and parietal serosa. - ANS Serosa
is a double-layered membrane; parietal covers cavity walls, visceral covers organ surfaces.
Describe the minor body cavities discussed in class. - ANS Orbital, nasal, oral, middle ear,
synovial.
Matter - ANS Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Energy - ANS The capacity to do work or transfer heat.
Atom - ANS The basic unit of a chemical element.
Proton - ANS Positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutron - ANS Neutrally charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
Electron - ANS Negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic Number - ANS Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic Mass - ANS Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Isotope - ANS Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Radioisotope - ANS An isotope with an unstable nucleus, undergoing radioactive decay.
Half-Life - ANS The time it takes for half of a quantity of a substance to undergo a reaction.
Molecule - ANS Two or more atoms bonded together.
Simple Molecule - ANS A molecule consisting of a few atoms.
Compound - ANS A substance composed of two or more different elements.
Solution - ANS A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Colloid - ANS A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out.
Suspension - ANS A mixture in which particles are dispersed throughout, but settle out over
time.
