NUR 303 Exam 3 Questions With Complete Solutions
-Normal pH
-Mechanisms for regulation of pH correct answers Normal:
7.35-7.45
Mechanisms for regulation:
1) Buffers:
a) bicarbonate- carbonic acid system: most significant- operates
in lungs and kidneys, H2CO3 and HCO3- are important
Respiratory compensates by increasing ventilation to expire
carbon dioxide
Renal system compensates by retaining or releasing HCO3- to
increase or decrease pH
b) The phosphate system: Phosphates are in high concentrations
in intracellular fluid, some phosphates act as weak acids or
bases- primarily occurs in kidneys by accepting or donating
hydrogen
c) Hemoglobin system: Primarilly occurs in capillaries, acidity
and hypoxia causes hemoglobin to release the oxygen, binding
with O2 makes hemoglobin more prone to release hydrogen,
hydrogen reacts with bicarbonate to form carbonic acid which is
converted to carbon dioxide and released into alveoli
d) Protein system: Most abundant, proteins can act as an acid or
base by binding to or releasing hydrogen, occurs in intracellular
and extracellular spaces, hydrogen and carbon dioxide diffuse
across the cell membrane to bind with protein inside the cell,
Albumin and plasma are the primary buffers in the intravascular
space
,- potassium and hydrogen move interchangeably in and out of
cell to balance pH- with extracellular excess, hydrogen moves
inside the cell for buffering, and, in exchange, potassium moves
out, potassium imbalances can lead to pH imbalances (& visa
versa)
2) Respiratory Regulation: alters carbon dioxide excretion,
speeding up respiration will excrete more carbon dioxide,
decreasing acidity
-Slowing down respiration will excrete less carbon dioxide,
increasing acidity
-Chemoreceptors will trigger breathing patterns (ketoacidosis)
-Responds quickly, but is short-lived
3)Renal regulation (metabolic): alters the excretion or retention
of hydrogen or bicarbonate
More effective by perma
Acid-base balance correct answers Achieved through a variety
of buffer systems and compensatory mechanisms
Body fluids, kidneys, and lungs play a large role in the balance
pH= concentration of hydrogen
serum: 7.35-7.45
Death occurs below 6.8 or above 7.8
acne vulgaris correct answers Commonly affects adolescents,
but it can occur at any age, involves Sebaceous gland with hair
follicle
Blocked with oil, debris, or bacteria
Can become inflamed and develop a pustule, nodule, or cyst
May present as whitehead or blackhead
,Rupturing can spread the material inside to the surrounding area
and cause an inflammatory reaction
Commonly appears on the face and shoulders, but it may also
occur on the trunk, arms, legs, and buttocks
Acromegaly correct answers Increased in bone size caused by
excessive growth hormone in adulthood- hyperpituitaryism
active transport correct answers Movement of a substance from
an area of lower concentration to an area of higher
concentration, against a concentration gradient
-requires a carrier molecule and energy
Addison's disease
Cause, manifestations correct answers Deficiency of adrenal
cortex hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and
androgens)
CAUSE: damage resulting from autoimmune conditions,
infection, hemorrhage, tumors, pituitary dysfunction that results
from in insufficient ACTH levels
MANIFESTATIONS: develops slowly (over 2 weeks)
hypotension, changes in heart rate hypoglycemia, chronic
diarrhea, patchy hyperpigmentation, pallor, extreme weakness
and fatigue, anorexia, mouth lesions on the inside of a cheek,
nausea and vomiting, salt craving, slow, sluggish movements,
unintentional weight loss, mood changes and depression,
electrolyte disturbances (hyperkalemia, hyponatremia,
hypochloremia)
alopecia correct answers Male pattern: Genetically predisposed
response to androgens
, Androgen-sensitive and androgen- insensitive follicles
(Male pattern baldness is related to your genes and male sex
hormones. It usually follows a pattern of receding hairline and
hair thinning on the crown, and is caused by hormones and
genetic predisposition.)
Female pattern: Associated with elevated levels of the serum
adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
No loss of hair along frontal hairline
Alopecia areata: Autoimmune T cell-mediated inflammatory
disease against hair follicles that results in baldness
Arterial blood gases result interpretations correct answers
1)First look at whether their pH is A(acidic) or B(basic) or
N(normal).
2) Next look at PACO2: A(if CO2 levels are high) B(if CO2
levels are low) N(in normal range)
3) Next look at HCO3: B(high HCO3 levels) A( low HCO3
levels) N(normal levels)
4) Last: Compensation: The results with the paired A or B is the
primary change- the third unpaired result indicated
compensation
-If the unpaired result is still normal than it is uncompensated
-If the unpaired result has changed to the opposite letter of the
pairs and the pair is still abnormal then its partially compensated
-If pH has returned to normal, then it is fully compensated
-Normal pH
-Mechanisms for regulation of pH correct answers Normal:
7.35-7.45
Mechanisms for regulation:
1) Buffers:
a) bicarbonate- carbonic acid system: most significant- operates
in lungs and kidneys, H2CO3 and HCO3- are important
Respiratory compensates by increasing ventilation to expire
carbon dioxide
Renal system compensates by retaining or releasing HCO3- to
increase or decrease pH
b) The phosphate system: Phosphates are in high concentrations
in intracellular fluid, some phosphates act as weak acids or
bases- primarily occurs in kidneys by accepting or donating
hydrogen
c) Hemoglobin system: Primarilly occurs in capillaries, acidity
and hypoxia causes hemoglobin to release the oxygen, binding
with O2 makes hemoglobin more prone to release hydrogen,
hydrogen reacts with bicarbonate to form carbonic acid which is
converted to carbon dioxide and released into alveoli
d) Protein system: Most abundant, proteins can act as an acid or
base by binding to or releasing hydrogen, occurs in intracellular
and extracellular spaces, hydrogen and carbon dioxide diffuse
across the cell membrane to bind with protein inside the cell,
Albumin and plasma are the primary buffers in the intravascular
space
,- potassium and hydrogen move interchangeably in and out of
cell to balance pH- with extracellular excess, hydrogen moves
inside the cell for buffering, and, in exchange, potassium moves
out, potassium imbalances can lead to pH imbalances (& visa
versa)
2) Respiratory Regulation: alters carbon dioxide excretion,
speeding up respiration will excrete more carbon dioxide,
decreasing acidity
-Slowing down respiration will excrete less carbon dioxide,
increasing acidity
-Chemoreceptors will trigger breathing patterns (ketoacidosis)
-Responds quickly, but is short-lived
3)Renal regulation (metabolic): alters the excretion or retention
of hydrogen or bicarbonate
More effective by perma
Acid-base balance correct answers Achieved through a variety
of buffer systems and compensatory mechanisms
Body fluids, kidneys, and lungs play a large role in the balance
pH= concentration of hydrogen
serum: 7.35-7.45
Death occurs below 6.8 or above 7.8
acne vulgaris correct answers Commonly affects adolescents,
but it can occur at any age, involves Sebaceous gland with hair
follicle
Blocked with oil, debris, or bacteria
Can become inflamed and develop a pustule, nodule, or cyst
May present as whitehead or blackhead
,Rupturing can spread the material inside to the surrounding area
and cause an inflammatory reaction
Commonly appears on the face and shoulders, but it may also
occur on the trunk, arms, legs, and buttocks
Acromegaly correct answers Increased in bone size caused by
excessive growth hormone in adulthood- hyperpituitaryism
active transport correct answers Movement of a substance from
an area of lower concentration to an area of higher
concentration, against a concentration gradient
-requires a carrier molecule and energy
Addison's disease
Cause, manifestations correct answers Deficiency of adrenal
cortex hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and
androgens)
CAUSE: damage resulting from autoimmune conditions,
infection, hemorrhage, tumors, pituitary dysfunction that results
from in insufficient ACTH levels
MANIFESTATIONS: develops slowly (over 2 weeks)
hypotension, changes in heart rate hypoglycemia, chronic
diarrhea, patchy hyperpigmentation, pallor, extreme weakness
and fatigue, anorexia, mouth lesions on the inside of a cheek,
nausea and vomiting, salt craving, slow, sluggish movements,
unintentional weight loss, mood changes and depression,
electrolyte disturbances (hyperkalemia, hyponatremia,
hypochloremia)
alopecia correct answers Male pattern: Genetically predisposed
response to androgens
, Androgen-sensitive and androgen- insensitive follicles
(Male pattern baldness is related to your genes and male sex
hormones. It usually follows a pattern of receding hairline and
hair thinning on the crown, and is caused by hormones and
genetic predisposition.)
Female pattern: Associated with elevated levels of the serum
adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
No loss of hair along frontal hairline
Alopecia areata: Autoimmune T cell-mediated inflammatory
disease against hair follicles that results in baldness
Arterial blood gases result interpretations correct answers
1)First look at whether their pH is A(acidic) or B(basic) or
N(normal).
2) Next look at PACO2: A(if CO2 levels are high) B(if CO2
levels are low) N(in normal range)
3) Next look at HCO3: B(high HCO3 levels) A( low HCO3
levels) N(normal levels)
4) Last: Compensation: The results with the paired A or B is the
primary change- the third unpaired result indicated
compensation
-If the unpaired result is still normal than it is uncompensated
-If the unpaired result has changed to the opposite letter of the
pairs and the pair is still abnormal then its partially compensated
-If pH has returned to normal, then it is fully compensated
