Inhoud
Hoorcollege 1........................................................................................................................................10
Leerboek Forensische Psychiatrie (2019) Hoofdstuk 11: Neurorecht...................................................12
Drie domeinen van onderzoek..........................................................................................................12
Het adolescentenbrein en adolescentenstrafrecht...........................................................................13
Neurogedachtelezen?.......................................................................................................................13
Toekomstige ontwikkelingen.............................................................................................................13
Meynen (2020): Neurorecht: hoop of hersenschim?............................................................................14
Simulatie en het object van de psychiatrie.......................................................................................14
Herziening van het strafrecht?..........................................................................................................14
Assessment.......................................................................................................................................14
Interventie........................................................................................................................................15
Nuchterheid en realisme..................................................................................................................15
Praktische wijsheid...........................................................................................................................15
Hoorcollege 2........................................................................................................................................15
Hoe raak je de moral culpability kwijt?.............................................................................................16
Wat is de vrije wil?............................................................................................................................16
Bestaat de vrije wil?..........................................................................................................................16
Convergerend bewijs........................................................................................................................17
Is de vrije wil belangrijk voor de toerekeningsvatbaarheid?.............................................................17
Controle............................................................................................................................................17
Meynen (2009): De vrije wil in de forensische psychiatrie....................................................................18
Het filosofische probleem: vrije wil versus determinisme................................................................18
Vrije wil.........................................................................................................................................18
Determinisme...............................................................................................................................18
De verenigbaarheid......................................................................................................................18
Het probleem in de psychiatrie.........................................................................................................18
Het voorstel van Morse.................................................................................................................18
Rapportage pro Justitia.................................................................................................................19
Mening Nederlandse deskundigen...............................................................................................19
Verborgen vrijheid?......................................................................................................................19
Problemen scheiden.........................................................................................................................19
Toerekeningsvatbaarheid..................................................................................................................20
Het ‘echte’ probleem....................................................................................................................20
Empirische ethiek.........................................................................................................................20
,Leerboek Forensische Psychiatrie (2019) Hoofdstuk 14: Toerekeningsvatbaarheid..............................20
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................20
Historische schets van criteria voor ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid......................................................20
Betekenis van toerekeningsvatbaarheid in Nederland......................................................................21
Psychische stoornis.......................................................................................................................21
Retrospectieve beoordeling..........................................................................................................21
Doorwerking en causale relatie....................................................................................................21
Mate van doorwerking en gradering............................................................................................22
Terminologie.................................................................................................................................22
Nieuwe ontwikkelingen....................................................................................................................22
Hoorcollege 3: Forensische Neuropsychologie.....................................................................................22
Leerboek Forensische Psychiatrie (2019) Hoofdstuk 19: Neurologie: trauma capitis, cognitieve
acheruitgang, epilepsie en slaapstoornissen........................................................................................25
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................25
Traumatic brain injury.......................................................................................................................26
Cognitieve achteruitgang..................................................................................................................26
Mild cognitive impairment............................................................................................................26
Ziekte van Alzheimer....................................................................................................................27
Vasculaire dementie.....................................................................................................................27
Frontotemporale dementie..........................................................................................................27
Epilepsie...........................................................................................................................................27
Slaapstoornissen...............................................................................................................................28
Raine (2018): Antisocial Personality as a Neurodevelopmental Disorder.............................................28
What constitutes a neurodevelopmental disorder?.........................................................................28
Diagnostic features, developmental course, and comorbidity..........................................................29
Diagnostic features.......................................................................................................................29
Developmental course..................................................................................................................29
Base rate.......................................................................................................................................29
Comorbidity..................................................................................................................................29
Brain mechanisms and their functional significance.........................................................................29
Early maldevelopment of the limbic system.................................................................................30
Prefrontal subregions...................................................................................................................30
Amygdala......................................................................................................................................30
Striatum........................................................................................................................................31
A prefrontal-amygdala-striatal model of antisocial personality disorder......................................31
Neurocognitive functioning..............................................................................................................31
, Prefrontal neurocognition.............................................................................................................32
Amygdala neurocognition.............................................................................................................32
Striatal neurocognition.................................................................................................................32
Behavioral genetics, molecular genetics, epigenetics, and neurochemistry.....................................32
Twin studies..................................................................................................................................32
Candidate genes...........................................................................................................................32
Epigenetics....................................................................................................................................32
Early health risk factors.....................................................................................................................32
Birth complications.......................................................................................................................32
Prenatal smoking exposure...........................................................................................................32
Alcohol exposure..........................................................................................................................32
Heavy metal exposure..................................................................................................................33
Air pollutants................................................................................................................................33
Traumatic brain injury...................................................................................................................33
Sleep.............................................................................................................................................33
Nutrition.......................................................................................................................................33
Prevention and treatment approaches.............................................................................................33
Prenatal health programs.............................................................................................................33
Early environmental enrichtment.................................................................................................33
Medication....................................................................................................................................33
Nutrition.......................................................................................................................................34
Mindfulness..................................................................................................................................34
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation........................................................................................34
Clinical and forensic implications......................................................................................................34
Legal implications.........................................................................................................................34
Psychopathy as a specifier for Antisocial Personality Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual.........................................................................................................................................34
Is early onset Conduct Disorder neurodevelopmental?................................................................34
Conclusions.......................................................................................................................................34
De Rade (2020): Over de rol van de stoornis in de psychische overmacht...........................................35
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................35
Psychische overmacht en ‘de stoornis’.............................................................................................35
Piranha II: een vertrekpunt...........................................................................................................35
Psychische overmacht in de literatuur..........................................................................................35
De rol van de stoornis in de psychische overmacht in de literatuur..............................................36
Feitenrechtspraak.........................................................................................................................36
, Ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid & het stoornisbegrip............................................................................37
Ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid.........................................................................................................37
Het stoornisconcept en zijn belang...............................................................................................37
Evaluatie...........................................................................................................................................37
Besluit...............................................................................................................................................38
Hoorcollege 4: Neurointerventies en het ECHR....................................................................................38
Meynen et al. (2023): Neurotechnology to reduce recidivism: Ethical and legal challenges................42
Introduction......................................................................................................................................42
Predicting and Preventing Recidivism: The Current State of Affairs..................................................42
Neurotechniques for the Prediction and Prevention of Crime..........................................................43
Prediction.....................................................................................................................................43
Prevention....................................................................................................................................43
Emerging technologies.................................................................................................................43
Normative Issues Regarding Employing Neurotechbology to Reduce Recidivism.............................43
Further Ethical and Legal Issues........................................................................................................44
Beulens et al. (2016): The View of the European Court of Human Rights on Competent Patients’ Right
of Informed Consent. Research in the Light of Articles 3 and 8 of the European Convention on Human
Rights....................................................................................................................................................45
Introduction......................................................................................................................................45
Article 8 of the Convention...............................................................................................................45
The Principle of Informed Consent...............................................................................................45
Martufi (2018): The paths of offender rehabilitation and the European dimension of punishment:
New challenges for an old ideal?..........................................................................................................46
Introduction: Rehabilitation and European law................................................................................46
The human rights approach to rehabilitation in the Strasbourg case law: Reconceptualising the
aims of punishment in an individual-centred perspective................................................................46
The case law on article 3 ECtHR: Rehabilitation, human dignity, and the ‘right to hope’..............46
The case law on Articles 5 and 8 ECHR: Rehabilitation as a limit to a state’s power to punish.....47
Hoorcollege 5: Gedwongen hersenscans, nemo tenetur en het ECHR.................................................48
Ligthart (2021): Neurotechnieken in het strafrecht: perspectieven op rechtsbescherming..................49
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................49
Neurotechnieken in het strafrecht....................................................................................................49
Hersenlezen..................................................................................................................................49
Neuro-interventies........................................................................................................................50
Combinaties van technieken.........................................................................................................50
Perspectieven op rechtsbescherming...............................................................................................50
Strafrecht en het mentale leven...................................................................................................50
, Mentale privacy............................................................................................................................50
Mentale integriteit........................................................................................................................52
Ligthart (2021): Autonomie en privacy als rechtsgronden van het zwijgrecht en het nemo tenetur-
beginsel?..............................................................................................................................................52
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................52
Rechtsgronden van nemo tenetur en het zwijgrecht onder positief recht.......................................52
Persoonlijke autonomie en privacy als herijkte rechtsgronden van nemo tenetur en het zwijgrecht?
..........................................................................................................................................................53
Privacy..........................................................................................................................................53
Persoonlijke autonomie................................................................................................................53
Afsluitende opmerkingen.................................................................................................................53
Hoorcollege 6:......................................................................................................................................53
Leerboek Forensische Psychiatrie (2019) Hoofdstuk 1: Tbs: niet langer behandelen dan noodzakelijk,
niet korter dan nodig............................................................................................................................57
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................57
Geschiedenis.....................................................................................................................................57
Voorwaarden voor oplegging............................................................................................................58
Psychisch gestoord............................................................................................................................58
Herhalingsdelicten voorkomen.........................................................................................................59
Behandeling......................................................................................................................................59
Duur..................................................................................................................................................59
Rechtsbescherming..........................................................................................................................60
Hoorcollege 7: Tbs en gedwongen geestelijke gezondheidszorg: sanctiemogelijkheden bij daders met
een psychische stoornis........................................................................................................................60
Bestraffen, behandelen en beveiligen..............................................................................................60
Gedwongen geestelijke gezondheidszorg.........................................................................................61
Nauta et al. (2021): Is het stoornisvereiste onmisbaar voor tbs? Een analyse vanuit nationaalrechtelijk
en mensenrechtelijk perspectief..........................................................................................................63
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................63
Stoornisvereiste: nationaalrechtelijke analyse..................................................................................63
Tbs en het stoornisvereiste...........................................................................................................63
De psychische stoornis als ‘juridisch’ criterium? Vier vragen........................................................63
De psychische stoornis als gedragswetenschappelijk begrip........................................................64
Stoornisvereiste: mensenrechtelijke analyse....................................................................................64
Artikel 5 EVRM: de grondslagen voor preventieve detentie.........................................................64
De (on)misbaarheid van het stoornisvereiste vanuit het perspectief van artikel 5 lid 1 EVRM.....65
Conclusie..........................................................................................................................................65
,Nauta (2021): Zelfstandige vaststelling van een psychische stoornis door de strafrechter. Waar liggen
de grenzen?..........................................................................................................................................65
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................65
Het EHRM en de Hoge Raad over de zelfstandige vaststelling van een psychische stoornis door de
strafrechter.......................................................................................................................................66
De jurisprudentie van het EHRM..................................................................................................66
De jurisprudentie van de Hoge Raad............................................................................................66
Enkele onduidelijkheden..............................................................................................................67
Twee recente voorbeelden uit de feitenrechtspraak........................................................................67
De Groot (2021): Knelpunten bij en onduidelijkheden rondom het afgeven van een civiele
zorgmachtiging door de strafrechter....................................................................................................67
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................67
De civiele zorgmachtiging, af te geven door de strafrechter via artikel 2.3 lid 1 Wfz........................68
De verhouding tussen de strafrechter en officier van justitie...........................................................68
De indicatiestelling als onderdeel van de voorbereiding?.................................................................69
Overgangsrecht. Wijziging van sanctierecht?...................................................................................69
De aansluiting van de zorgmachtiging op de voorlopige hechtenis..................................................69
Afronding..........................................................................................................................................70
Hoorcollege 8: Risicotaxatie in de forensische psychiatrie....................................................................70
Risicotaxatie......................................................................................................................................70
Risicotaxatie: huidige uitdagingen....................................................................................................72
Beschermende factoren....................................................................................................................74
Leerboek Forensische Psychiatrie (2019): Hoofdstuk 29: Risicotaxatie in de forensische psychiatrie:
fundamenten en praktijk......................................................................................................................75
Fundamenten...................................................................................................................................75
Methoden van risicotaxatie..........................................................................................................75
Risicotaxatie-instrumenten volgens SPJ........................................................................................76
Op zoek naar balans: aandacht voor beschermende factoren......................................................77
Eindconclusies uit de risicotaxatie................................................................................................77
Risicotaxatie bij specifieke groepen..............................................................................................77
Praktijk..............................................................................................................................................78
Implementatie van gestructureerde risicotaxatie in de Nederlandse forensische praktijk...........79
Aanbevelingen voor implementatie en gebruik van risicotaxatie in de dagelijkse praktijk...........79
De Vogel et al. (2022): Violence Risk Assessment with the HCR-20 in Legal Contexts: A Critical
Reflection..............................................................................................................................................79
Violence risk assessments in legal contexts......................................................................................80
Structured professional judgment....................................................................................................80
, HCR-20..............................................................................................................................................80
Summary of research results with the HCR-20.............................................................................81
Use of the HCR-20 in legal contexts..............................................................................................81
Legal admissibility challenges...........................................................................................................81
Potential bias in HCR-20 assessments...............................................................................................82
Value of the HCR-20 for different justice-involved groups................................................................82
Cultural minority groups...............................................................................................................82
Justice-involved women................................................................................................................82
People with intellectual disability.................................................................................................82
People who committed sexual offenses........................................................................................83
Case law review................................................................................................................................83
Understanding of risk assessment reports in court: Risk communication........................................83
Recommendations for mental health professionals.........................................................................83
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................84
De Vogel (2022): Risicotaxatie bij vrouwen...........................................................................................84
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................84
Gender bias...................................................................................................................................84
Verschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen in delictpleging en achtergrond.........................................84
Risico- en beschermende factoren bij vrouwen................................................................................85
Risicotaxatie-instrumenten bij vrouwen...........................................................................................85
Risicotaxatie algemeen.................................................................................................................85
Risicotaxatie geweld.....................................................................................................................85
Risicotaxatie huiselijk geweld.......................................................................................................86
Risicotaxatie seksuele delicten......................................................................................................86
Specifieke instrumenten voor meisjes/vrouwen...........................................................................86
Conclusies.........................................................................................................................................86
Hoorcollege 9: Diagnostiek en behandeling.........................................................................................86
Leerboek Forensische Psychiatrie (2019): Hoofdstuk 15: Relevante psychische stoornissen in de
strafrechtspleging.................................................................................................................................88
Strafrechtelijke relevantie en aanvaardbaarheid van psychische stoornissen..................................88
Psychotische stoornissen en schizofrenie.........................................................................................89
Autismespectrumstoornissen op volwassen leeftijd.........................................................................90
Kleptomanie.....................................................................................................................................91
Pyromanie........................................................................................................................................91
Pseudologia fantastica......................................................................................................................91
Munchausen-by-proxy syndrome.....................................................................................................92
, Extended suicide...............................................................................................................................93
Doorwerking van de psychische stoornis..........................................................................................93
Mebius et al. (2023): Minder gradaties, minder problemen? Hoe gaan psychiaters en psychologen die
rapporteren in strafzaken om met verminderde toerekeningsvatbaarheid?........................................93
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................93
De vignettenstudie: wat verandert er bij een overgang van vijf naar drie gradaties?.......................94
Methoden en hypotheses.............................................................................................................94
Conclusie vignettenstudie.............................................................................................................94
De dossierstudie: hoe werd geadviseerd in 2021?............................................................................94
Methoden en hypotheses.............................................................................................................94
De vraag naar de mate van toerekening.......................................................................................95
Advies in vijf gradaties..................................................................................................................95
Conclusie dossierstudie................................................................................................................95
Discussie...........................................................................................................................................95
Roza et al. (2024): Gedragsdeskundigen en juristen in het strafrecht. Begrijpen wij elkaar?................96
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................96
Achtergrond......................................................................................................................................96
Van den Broek et al. (2023): Klare taal? Een onderzoek naar het communiceren over geweldsrisico’s97
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................97
Risicocommunicatie......................................................................................................................97
Vormen van risicocommunicatie...................................................................................................97
Onderzoek naar risicocommunicatie............................................................................................97
Huidige studie...............................................................................................................................97
Methode...........................................................................................................................................98
Design en procedure.....................................................................................................................98
Instrumentarium...........................................................................................................................98
Resultaten.........................................................................................................................................99
Onderzoekspopulatie....................................................................................................................99
Resultaten uitkomstmaten............................................................................................................99
Discussie...........................................................................................................................................99
Bevindingen..................................................................................................................................99
Implicaties voor de praktijk.........................................................................................................100
Sterkten en beperkingen............................................................................................................100
Conclusie........................................................................................................................................100
Clercx (2023): Het doorlopen van verlofstappen in relatie tot patiëntkenmerken..............................100
Introductie......................................................................................................................................100
, De huidige studie en onderzochte patiëntkenmerken................................................................101
Hypothesen................................................................................................................................101
Methode.........................................................................................................................................101
Procedure...................................................................................................................................101
Typen verlof................................................................................................................................101
Participanten..............................................................................................................................102
Variabelen...................................................................................................................................102
Resultaten.......................................................................................................................................103
Discussie.........................................................................................................................................103
Limitaties en suggesties voor toekomstig onderzoek..................................................................104
Conclusie....................................................................................................................................104
De Vogel et al. (2024): Werkt forensische behandeling? Een compilatie van onderzoek naar
behandeleffectiviteit in de Nederlandse klinische forensische zorg...................................................104
Inleiding..........................................................................................................................................104
Doel van de huidige compilatie...................................................................................................105
De complexiteit van onderzoek naar effectiviteit van forensische behandeling.............................105
Controlegroep.............................................................................................................................105
Onderzoeksgroep........................................................................................................................105
Inhoud forensische behandeling.................................................................................................105
Uitkomstmaat.............................................................................................................................105
Internationaal onderzoek naar behandeleffectiviteit in de forensische zorg..................................106
Methode.........................................................................................................................................106
Procedure...................................................................................................................................106
Resultaten.......................................................................................................................................106
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT’s).........................................................................................106
Onderzoek naar verandering in risico en beschermende factoren.............................................108
Overige onderzoeken..................................................................................................................108
Discussie.........................................................................................................................................108
Conclusies uit de RCT’s...............................................................................................................108
Implicaties uit de praktijk............................................................................................................109
Beperkingen huidige compilatie.................................................................................................109
Suggesties voor vervolgonderzoek..............................................................................................109
Conclusie........................................................................................................................................109
Geenen & Kaddouri-Tedeschi (2023): Balanceren tussen veiligheid en zorg. Drie visies van penitentiair
inrichtingswerkers over hybride werken.............................................................................................109
Inleiding..........................................................................................................................................109
, Veiligheid en zorg............................................................................................................................110
Hybride werken..............................................................................................................................110
Onderzoeksmethode......................................................................................................................111
Drie visies.......................................................................................................................................111
Verschillen en overeenkomsten......................................................................................................112
Conclusies en aanbevelingen..........................................................................................................112
Van Oploo et al. (2020): De invoering van artikel 2.3 Wet forensische zorg. Consequenties voor de
strafrechtspraktijk...............................................................................................................................113
Inleiding..........................................................................................................................................113
Verschillen tussen artikel 2.3 Wfz en de maatregel uit artikel 37 (oud) Sr......................................113
Toepassing van artikel 2.3 Wfz in de praktijk..................................................................................114
Betrokkenheid Minister van Justitie en Veiligheid..........................................................................114
Civielrechtelijke afdoening bij ernstige delicten..............................................................................114
Herziening van het forensische zorgkader......................................................................................115
Conclusie........................................................................................................................................115
Hoorcollege 1
Firestone (2007): “probably no single issue in the annals of criminal law has stirred more controversy,
debate, adn comparison among laypersons, as well as jurists, as [legal insanity]”
(On)toerekeningsvatbaar grote bron van discussie.
Hoorcollege 1........................................................................................................................................10
Leerboek Forensische Psychiatrie (2019) Hoofdstuk 11: Neurorecht...................................................12
Drie domeinen van onderzoek..........................................................................................................12
Het adolescentenbrein en adolescentenstrafrecht...........................................................................13
Neurogedachtelezen?.......................................................................................................................13
Toekomstige ontwikkelingen.............................................................................................................13
Meynen (2020): Neurorecht: hoop of hersenschim?............................................................................14
Simulatie en het object van de psychiatrie.......................................................................................14
Herziening van het strafrecht?..........................................................................................................14
Assessment.......................................................................................................................................14
Interventie........................................................................................................................................15
Nuchterheid en realisme..................................................................................................................15
Praktische wijsheid...........................................................................................................................15
Hoorcollege 2........................................................................................................................................15
Hoe raak je de moral culpability kwijt?.............................................................................................16
Wat is de vrije wil?............................................................................................................................16
Bestaat de vrije wil?..........................................................................................................................16
Convergerend bewijs........................................................................................................................17
Is de vrije wil belangrijk voor de toerekeningsvatbaarheid?.............................................................17
Controle............................................................................................................................................17
Meynen (2009): De vrije wil in de forensische psychiatrie....................................................................18
Het filosofische probleem: vrije wil versus determinisme................................................................18
Vrije wil.........................................................................................................................................18
Determinisme...............................................................................................................................18
De verenigbaarheid......................................................................................................................18
Het probleem in de psychiatrie.........................................................................................................18
Het voorstel van Morse.................................................................................................................18
Rapportage pro Justitia.................................................................................................................19
Mening Nederlandse deskundigen...............................................................................................19
Verborgen vrijheid?......................................................................................................................19
Problemen scheiden.........................................................................................................................19
Toerekeningsvatbaarheid..................................................................................................................20
Het ‘echte’ probleem....................................................................................................................20
Empirische ethiek.........................................................................................................................20
,Leerboek Forensische Psychiatrie (2019) Hoofdstuk 14: Toerekeningsvatbaarheid..............................20
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................20
Historische schets van criteria voor ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid......................................................20
Betekenis van toerekeningsvatbaarheid in Nederland......................................................................21
Psychische stoornis.......................................................................................................................21
Retrospectieve beoordeling..........................................................................................................21
Doorwerking en causale relatie....................................................................................................21
Mate van doorwerking en gradering............................................................................................22
Terminologie.................................................................................................................................22
Nieuwe ontwikkelingen....................................................................................................................22
Hoorcollege 3: Forensische Neuropsychologie.....................................................................................22
Leerboek Forensische Psychiatrie (2019) Hoofdstuk 19: Neurologie: trauma capitis, cognitieve
acheruitgang, epilepsie en slaapstoornissen........................................................................................25
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................25
Traumatic brain injury.......................................................................................................................26
Cognitieve achteruitgang..................................................................................................................26
Mild cognitive impairment............................................................................................................26
Ziekte van Alzheimer....................................................................................................................27
Vasculaire dementie.....................................................................................................................27
Frontotemporale dementie..........................................................................................................27
Epilepsie...........................................................................................................................................27
Slaapstoornissen...............................................................................................................................28
Raine (2018): Antisocial Personality as a Neurodevelopmental Disorder.............................................28
What constitutes a neurodevelopmental disorder?.........................................................................28
Diagnostic features, developmental course, and comorbidity..........................................................29
Diagnostic features.......................................................................................................................29
Developmental course..................................................................................................................29
Base rate.......................................................................................................................................29
Comorbidity..................................................................................................................................29
Brain mechanisms and their functional significance.........................................................................29
Early maldevelopment of the limbic system.................................................................................30
Prefrontal subregions...................................................................................................................30
Amygdala......................................................................................................................................30
Striatum........................................................................................................................................31
A prefrontal-amygdala-striatal model of antisocial personality disorder......................................31
Neurocognitive functioning..............................................................................................................31
, Prefrontal neurocognition.............................................................................................................32
Amygdala neurocognition.............................................................................................................32
Striatal neurocognition.................................................................................................................32
Behavioral genetics, molecular genetics, epigenetics, and neurochemistry.....................................32
Twin studies..................................................................................................................................32
Candidate genes...........................................................................................................................32
Epigenetics....................................................................................................................................32
Early health risk factors.....................................................................................................................32
Birth complications.......................................................................................................................32
Prenatal smoking exposure...........................................................................................................32
Alcohol exposure..........................................................................................................................32
Heavy metal exposure..................................................................................................................33
Air pollutants................................................................................................................................33
Traumatic brain injury...................................................................................................................33
Sleep.............................................................................................................................................33
Nutrition.......................................................................................................................................33
Prevention and treatment approaches.............................................................................................33
Prenatal health programs.............................................................................................................33
Early environmental enrichtment.................................................................................................33
Medication....................................................................................................................................33
Nutrition.......................................................................................................................................34
Mindfulness..................................................................................................................................34
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation........................................................................................34
Clinical and forensic implications......................................................................................................34
Legal implications.........................................................................................................................34
Psychopathy as a specifier for Antisocial Personality Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual.........................................................................................................................................34
Is early onset Conduct Disorder neurodevelopmental?................................................................34
Conclusions.......................................................................................................................................34
De Rade (2020): Over de rol van de stoornis in de psychische overmacht...........................................35
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................35
Psychische overmacht en ‘de stoornis’.............................................................................................35
Piranha II: een vertrekpunt...........................................................................................................35
Psychische overmacht in de literatuur..........................................................................................35
De rol van de stoornis in de psychische overmacht in de literatuur..............................................36
Feitenrechtspraak.........................................................................................................................36
, Ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid & het stoornisbegrip............................................................................37
Ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid.........................................................................................................37
Het stoornisconcept en zijn belang...............................................................................................37
Evaluatie...........................................................................................................................................37
Besluit...............................................................................................................................................38
Hoorcollege 4: Neurointerventies en het ECHR....................................................................................38
Meynen et al. (2023): Neurotechnology to reduce recidivism: Ethical and legal challenges................42
Introduction......................................................................................................................................42
Predicting and Preventing Recidivism: The Current State of Affairs..................................................42
Neurotechniques for the Prediction and Prevention of Crime..........................................................43
Prediction.....................................................................................................................................43
Prevention....................................................................................................................................43
Emerging technologies.................................................................................................................43
Normative Issues Regarding Employing Neurotechbology to Reduce Recidivism.............................43
Further Ethical and Legal Issues........................................................................................................44
Beulens et al. (2016): The View of the European Court of Human Rights on Competent Patients’ Right
of Informed Consent. Research in the Light of Articles 3 and 8 of the European Convention on Human
Rights....................................................................................................................................................45
Introduction......................................................................................................................................45
Article 8 of the Convention...............................................................................................................45
The Principle of Informed Consent...............................................................................................45
Martufi (2018): The paths of offender rehabilitation and the European dimension of punishment:
New challenges for an old ideal?..........................................................................................................46
Introduction: Rehabilitation and European law................................................................................46
The human rights approach to rehabilitation in the Strasbourg case law: Reconceptualising the
aims of punishment in an individual-centred perspective................................................................46
The case law on article 3 ECtHR: Rehabilitation, human dignity, and the ‘right to hope’..............46
The case law on Articles 5 and 8 ECHR: Rehabilitation as a limit to a state’s power to punish.....47
Hoorcollege 5: Gedwongen hersenscans, nemo tenetur en het ECHR.................................................48
Ligthart (2021): Neurotechnieken in het strafrecht: perspectieven op rechtsbescherming..................49
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................49
Neurotechnieken in het strafrecht....................................................................................................49
Hersenlezen..................................................................................................................................49
Neuro-interventies........................................................................................................................50
Combinaties van technieken.........................................................................................................50
Perspectieven op rechtsbescherming...............................................................................................50
Strafrecht en het mentale leven...................................................................................................50
, Mentale privacy............................................................................................................................50
Mentale integriteit........................................................................................................................52
Ligthart (2021): Autonomie en privacy als rechtsgronden van het zwijgrecht en het nemo tenetur-
beginsel?..............................................................................................................................................52
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................52
Rechtsgronden van nemo tenetur en het zwijgrecht onder positief recht.......................................52
Persoonlijke autonomie en privacy als herijkte rechtsgronden van nemo tenetur en het zwijgrecht?
..........................................................................................................................................................53
Privacy..........................................................................................................................................53
Persoonlijke autonomie................................................................................................................53
Afsluitende opmerkingen.................................................................................................................53
Hoorcollege 6:......................................................................................................................................53
Leerboek Forensische Psychiatrie (2019) Hoofdstuk 1: Tbs: niet langer behandelen dan noodzakelijk,
niet korter dan nodig............................................................................................................................57
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................57
Geschiedenis.....................................................................................................................................57
Voorwaarden voor oplegging............................................................................................................58
Psychisch gestoord............................................................................................................................58
Herhalingsdelicten voorkomen.........................................................................................................59
Behandeling......................................................................................................................................59
Duur..................................................................................................................................................59
Rechtsbescherming..........................................................................................................................60
Hoorcollege 7: Tbs en gedwongen geestelijke gezondheidszorg: sanctiemogelijkheden bij daders met
een psychische stoornis........................................................................................................................60
Bestraffen, behandelen en beveiligen..............................................................................................60
Gedwongen geestelijke gezondheidszorg.........................................................................................61
Nauta et al. (2021): Is het stoornisvereiste onmisbaar voor tbs? Een analyse vanuit nationaalrechtelijk
en mensenrechtelijk perspectief..........................................................................................................63
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................63
Stoornisvereiste: nationaalrechtelijke analyse..................................................................................63
Tbs en het stoornisvereiste...........................................................................................................63
De psychische stoornis als ‘juridisch’ criterium? Vier vragen........................................................63
De psychische stoornis als gedragswetenschappelijk begrip........................................................64
Stoornisvereiste: mensenrechtelijke analyse....................................................................................64
Artikel 5 EVRM: de grondslagen voor preventieve detentie.........................................................64
De (on)misbaarheid van het stoornisvereiste vanuit het perspectief van artikel 5 lid 1 EVRM.....65
Conclusie..........................................................................................................................................65
,Nauta (2021): Zelfstandige vaststelling van een psychische stoornis door de strafrechter. Waar liggen
de grenzen?..........................................................................................................................................65
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................65
Het EHRM en de Hoge Raad over de zelfstandige vaststelling van een psychische stoornis door de
strafrechter.......................................................................................................................................66
De jurisprudentie van het EHRM..................................................................................................66
De jurisprudentie van de Hoge Raad............................................................................................66
Enkele onduidelijkheden..............................................................................................................67
Twee recente voorbeelden uit de feitenrechtspraak........................................................................67
De Groot (2021): Knelpunten bij en onduidelijkheden rondom het afgeven van een civiele
zorgmachtiging door de strafrechter....................................................................................................67
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................67
De civiele zorgmachtiging, af te geven door de strafrechter via artikel 2.3 lid 1 Wfz........................68
De verhouding tussen de strafrechter en officier van justitie...........................................................68
De indicatiestelling als onderdeel van de voorbereiding?.................................................................69
Overgangsrecht. Wijziging van sanctierecht?...................................................................................69
De aansluiting van de zorgmachtiging op de voorlopige hechtenis..................................................69
Afronding..........................................................................................................................................70
Hoorcollege 8: Risicotaxatie in de forensische psychiatrie....................................................................70
Risicotaxatie......................................................................................................................................70
Risicotaxatie: huidige uitdagingen....................................................................................................72
Beschermende factoren....................................................................................................................74
Leerboek Forensische Psychiatrie (2019): Hoofdstuk 29: Risicotaxatie in de forensische psychiatrie:
fundamenten en praktijk......................................................................................................................75
Fundamenten...................................................................................................................................75
Methoden van risicotaxatie..........................................................................................................75
Risicotaxatie-instrumenten volgens SPJ........................................................................................76
Op zoek naar balans: aandacht voor beschermende factoren......................................................77
Eindconclusies uit de risicotaxatie................................................................................................77
Risicotaxatie bij specifieke groepen..............................................................................................77
Praktijk..............................................................................................................................................78
Implementatie van gestructureerde risicotaxatie in de Nederlandse forensische praktijk...........79
Aanbevelingen voor implementatie en gebruik van risicotaxatie in de dagelijkse praktijk...........79
De Vogel et al. (2022): Violence Risk Assessment with the HCR-20 in Legal Contexts: A Critical
Reflection..............................................................................................................................................79
Violence risk assessments in legal contexts......................................................................................80
Structured professional judgment....................................................................................................80
, HCR-20..............................................................................................................................................80
Summary of research results with the HCR-20.............................................................................81
Use of the HCR-20 in legal contexts..............................................................................................81
Legal admissibility challenges...........................................................................................................81
Potential bias in HCR-20 assessments...............................................................................................82
Value of the HCR-20 for different justice-involved groups................................................................82
Cultural minority groups...............................................................................................................82
Justice-involved women................................................................................................................82
People with intellectual disability.................................................................................................82
People who committed sexual offenses........................................................................................83
Case law review................................................................................................................................83
Understanding of risk assessment reports in court: Risk communication........................................83
Recommendations for mental health professionals.........................................................................83
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................84
De Vogel (2022): Risicotaxatie bij vrouwen...........................................................................................84
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................84
Gender bias...................................................................................................................................84
Verschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen in delictpleging en achtergrond.........................................84
Risico- en beschermende factoren bij vrouwen................................................................................85
Risicotaxatie-instrumenten bij vrouwen...........................................................................................85
Risicotaxatie algemeen.................................................................................................................85
Risicotaxatie geweld.....................................................................................................................85
Risicotaxatie huiselijk geweld.......................................................................................................86
Risicotaxatie seksuele delicten......................................................................................................86
Specifieke instrumenten voor meisjes/vrouwen...........................................................................86
Conclusies.........................................................................................................................................86
Hoorcollege 9: Diagnostiek en behandeling.........................................................................................86
Leerboek Forensische Psychiatrie (2019): Hoofdstuk 15: Relevante psychische stoornissen in de
strafrechtspleging.................................................................................................................................88
Strafrechtelijke relevantie en aanvaardbaarheid van psychische stoornissen..................................88
Psychotische stoornissen en schizofrenie.........................................................................................89
Autismespectrumstoornissen op volwassen leeftijd.........................................................................90
Kleptomanie.....................................................................................................................................91
Pyromanie........................................................................................................................................91
Pseudologia fantastica......................................................................................................................91
Munchausen-by-proxy syndrome.....................................................................................................92
, Extended suicide...............................................................................................................................93
Doorwerking van de psychische stoornis..........................................................................................93
Mebius et al. (2023): Minder gradaties, minder problemen? Hoe gaan psychiaters en psychologen die
rapporteren in strafzaken om met verminderde toerekeningsvatbaarheid?........................................93
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................93
De vignettenstudie: wat verandert er bij een overgang van vijf naar drie gradaties?.......................94
Methoden en hypotheses.............................................................................................................94
Conclusie vignettenstudie.............................................................................................................94
De dossierstudie: hoe werd geadviseerd in 2021?............................................................................94
Methoden en hypotheses.............................................................................................................94
De vraag naar de mate van toerekening.......................................................................................95
Advies in vijf gradaties..................................................................................................................95
Conclusie dossierstudie................................................................................................................95
Discussie...........................................................................................................................................95
Roza et al. (2024): Gedragsdeskundigen en juristen in het strafrecht. Begrijpen wij elkaar?................96
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................96
Achtergrond......................................................................................................................................96
Van den Broek et al. (2023): Klare taal? Een onderzoek naar het communiceren over geweldsrisico’s97
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................97
Risicocommunicatie......................................................................................................................97
Vormen van risicocommunicatie...................................................................................................97
Onderzoek naar risicocommunicatie............................................................................................97
Huidige studie...............................................................................................................................97
Methode...........................................................................................................................................98
Design en procedure.....................................................................................................................98
Instrumentarium...........................................................................................................................98
Resultaten.........................................................................................................................................99
Onderzoekspopulatie....................................................................................................................99
Resultaten uitkomstmaten............................................................................................................99
Discussie...........................................................................................................................................99
Bevindingen..................................................................................................................................99
Implicaties voor de praktijk.........................................................................................................100
Sterkten en beperkingen............................................................................................................100
Conclusie........................................................................................................................................100
Clercx (2023): Het doorlopen van verlofstappen in relatie tot patiëntkenmerken..............................100
Introductie......................................................................................................................................100
, De huidige studie en onderzochte patiëntkenmerken................................................................101
Hypothesen................................................................................................................................101
Methode.........................................................................................................................................101
Procedure...................................................................................................................................101
Typen verlof................................................................................................................................101
Participanten..............................................................................................................................102
Variabelen...................................................................................................................................102
Resultaten.......................................................................................................................................103
Discussie.........................................................................................................................................103
Limitaties en suggesties voor toekomstig onderzoek..................................................................104
Conclusie....................................................................................................................................104
De Vogel et al. (2024): Werkt forensische behandeling? Een compilatie van onderzoek naar
behandeleffectiviteit in de Nederlandse klinische forensische zorg...................................................104
Inleiding..........................................................................................................................................104
Doel van de huidige compilatie...................................................................................................105
De complexiteit van onderzoek naar effectiviteit van forensische behandeling.............................105
Controlegroep.............................................................................................................................105
Onderzoeksgroep........................................................................................................................105
Inhoud forensische behandeling.................................................................................................105
Uitkomstmaat.............................................................................................................................105
Internationaal onderzoek naar behandeleffectiviteit in de forensische zorg..................................106
Methode.........................................................................................................................................106
Procedure...................................................................................................................................106
Resultaten.......................................................................................................................................106
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT’s).........................................................................................106
Onderzoek naar verandering in risico en beschermende factoren.............................................108
Overige onderzoeken..................................................................................................................108
Discussie.........................................................................................................................................108
Conclusies uit de RCT’s...............................................................................................................108
Implicaties uit de praktijk............................................................................................................109
Beperkingen huidige compilatie.................................................................................................109
Suggesties voor vervolgonderzoek..............................................................................................109
Conclusie........................................................................................................................................109
Geenen & Kaddouri-Tedeschi (2023): Balanceren tussen veiligheid en zorg. Drie visies van penitentiair
inrichtingswerkers over hybride werken.............................................................................................109
Inleiding..........................................................................................................................................109
, Veiligheid en zorg............................................................................................................................110
Hybride werken..............................................................................................................................110
Onderzoeksmethode......................................................................................................................111
Drie visies.......................................................................................................................................111
Verschillen en overeenkomsten......................................................................................................112
Conclusies en aanbevelingen..........................................................................................................112
Van Oploo et al. (2020): De invoering van artikel 2.3 Wet forensische zorg. Consequenties voor de
strafrechtspraktijk...............................................................................................................................113
Inleiding..........................................................................................................................................113
Verschillen tussen artikel 2.3 Wfz en de maatregel uit artikel 37 (oud) Sr......................................113
Toepassing van artikel 2.3 Wfz in de praktijk..................................................................................114
Betrokkenheid Minister van Justitie en Veiligheid..........................................................................114
Civielrechtelijke afdoening bij ernstige delicten..............................................................................114
Herziening van het forensische zorgkader......................................................................................115
Conclusie........................................................................................................................................115
Hoorcollege 1
Firestone (2007): “probably no single issue in the annals of criminal law has stirred more controversy,
debate, adn comparison among laypersons, as well as jurists, as [legal insanity]”
(On)toerekeningsvatbaar grote bron van discussie.
